Nontoxic alternatives

Molybdenum-based anticorrosive pigments offer a nontoxic alternative to the zinc chromate pigments [5.120], They all have a neutral color (white) but the pure compounds are very expensive. To produce economically competitive pigments molybdate and phosphate pigments are combined, or molybdate compounds are applied to inorganic fillers (e.g., zinc oxide, alkaline-earth carbonates, or talc) [5.75], [5.121]—[5.123]. 

Ion-exchange pigments were developed as nontoxic alternatives to the chromate pigments. They consist of a silicate carrier (zeolite [5.141] or amorphous silica gel [5.142]) to which calcium ions are bound. Commercial ion-exchange pigments have the following properties [5.143]—[5.145] ... 

V8 protease is not inhibited by PMSF, so the aliquots should be boiled with SDS as soon as possible and kept at 0°C in the meantime. Di-isopropyl fluoro-phosphate (DFP) does inhibit, but its hazards are best avoided if inhibition is not essential. PefaBloc (Boehnnger Mannheim) is a possible nontoxic alternative. 

Phosphorous hydrides, such as phosphites, (R0)2P(0)H, thiophosphites, (RO)2P(S)H, and phosphinates, R(R0)P(0)H, have received considerable attention in the recent years as nontoxic alternative to tin hydrides commonly used in radical chain reactions. 

Sfiicon and more recently germanium semiconductor-based nanocrystals have also demonstrated intense fluorescence emission (94—98). Si-based nanoparticles have found some applications as biolabels (98, 99), whereas Si-based and Ge-based nanoparticles are still in the early stages of development. However, all are characterized by immature synthesis and stabihzation that has limited their biologic use to date. That said, they still have a promising future as optical probes that potentially may be a nontoxic alternative to semiconductor materials. 

Finally, the experimenter can stain the blot repeatedly with different antibodies. After developing the film, the first and second antibodies are washed out either with glycine HCl pH 1.8 or with 3 M sodium thiocyanate, 0.5% mercaptoethanol, 0.05% Tween 20 pH 9.5. Then block once more and stain the blot again with another antibody combination (Heimer 1989). Although this is also possible with iodine-marked second antibodies, these are nowhere near as sensitive as ECL (and are radioactive and thus a health risk). In contrast, when the blot is developed with alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase/diaminobenzidine the precipitated reaction products prevent a second staining of the blot. In addition, the peroxidase substrate diamino-benzidine is said to be a carcinogen and must be decontaminated in Na-hypochlorite solutions (a less sensitive but nontoxic alternative would be the peroxidase substrate chloronaphthol Ogata et al. 1983). 

Dehydrate the sections by dipping for 3 min in each of the following (fresh) ethanol solutions 70-70-96-96-100-100% This is followed by two washes of either xylene or Microclear slides are then cover slipped using Entellan or Microcover. Microclear and Microcover are good nontoxic alternatives to the more hazardous compounds, xylene and Entellan. 

Attempts to use a mixture of dihydroxyacetone and a small amount of inorganic arsenate, which spontaneously forms dihydroxyacetone arsenate which is a mimic of DHAP and is accepted by FDP aldolase as a substrate, were impeded by the toxicity of arsemate [1411, 1412]. However, the use of borate ester mimics of DHAP offers a valuable nontoxic alternative for preparative-scale reactions [1413]. 

Some examples of biological applications of silicones are biofouling release coatings, oil spill containment, and vitreous humor substitutes. Silicone elastomer coatings have been developed as nontoxic alternatives to toxic antifouling paints for ship hulls and power plant intakes (717-720). Solutions containing silicone have been developed to encapsulate and solidify oil slicks for easy removal (721,722). Silicone vitreous substitutes are used after retinal attachment surgery (723-725). 

Patton, C. J., A. E. Fischer, W. H. Campbell, and E. R. Campbell. 2002. Corn leaf nitrate reductase A nontoxic alternative to cadmium for photometric nitrate determinations in water samples by air-segmented continuous-flow analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 729-735. 

Miscellaneous applications of phosphates have included use of porphysome nanoparticles as a nontoxic alternative to inorganic nanocrystals for the efficient conversion of light into heat in photothermal therapy, fluorescent phosphates for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organophosphates in water and simultaneous differentiation and quantitative analysis of a methylphosphonate (a nerve gas byproduct) and glyphosate. 

Nontoxic alternative to ETU (N-methyl thiazolidine thione-2)Vulkacit CRV. 

Scientists are interested in synthesizing pheromones to use as nontoxic alternatives to pesticides. When placed in a trap, bombykol can be used to capture male silkworm moths. When a synthetic pheromone is released in a field, the males cannot locate the females, which disrupts the reproductive cycle. This technique has been successful with controlling the oriental fruit moth, the grapevine moth, and the pink bollworm. 

It has long been known that a variety of transition metals can catalyze atom-transfer reactions, and considerable effort has been invested in the development of cheap, nontoxic alternatives to ditin compounds for this use. Several reactive catalyst systems able to promote the reaction at low temperature have been developed, particularly catalyst... 

In the recent past considerable research and development have been expanded in natural fibers as reinforcement in thermoplastic resin matrix. These reinforced plastics serve as an inexpensive, biodegradable, renewable, and nontoxic alternative to glass or carbon fibers. The various advantages of natural fibers over man-made glass and carbon fibers are low cost, low density, competitive specific mechanical properties, reduced energy consumption and biodegradability. Natural fiber reinforced composites with thermoplastic matrices have successfully proven their qualities in... 

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