Nonionic surfactant oleic acid

Several ehemical enhancers, such as sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate and sodium taurocholate, oleic acid [37], polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants, citric acid, and dihydroxy bile salts open the paracellular route, presumably by disruption of the intraeellular OJC funetion [37], The use of nitrie oxide is another approach [39], Moreover, manipulation of the cyclooxygenase pathway activities to trigger the release of eompounds like substance P may provide another means for altering colonic permeability [40],... 

The most commonly used emulsifiers are sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts of oleic acid, stearic acid, or rosin acids, or disproportionate rosin acids, either singly or in mixture. An aLkylsulfate or aLkylarenesulfonate can also be used or be present as a stabilizer. A useful stabilizer of this class is the condensation product of formaldehyde with the sodium salt of P-naphthalenesulfonic acid. AH these primary emulsifiers and stabilizers are anionic and on adsorption they confer a negative charge to the polymer particles. Latices stabilized with cationic or nonionic surfactants have been developed for special apphcations. Despite the high concentration of emulsifiers in most synthetic latices, only a small proportion is present in the aqueous phase nearly all of it is adsorbed on the polymer particles. 

Surfactants. The use of surfactants is greatly restricted in formulating ophthalmic solutions. The order of surfactant toxicity is anionic > cationic >> nonionic. Several nonionic surfactants are used in relatively low concentrations to aid in dispersing steroids in suspensions and to achieve or to improve solution clarity. Those principally used are the sorbitan ether esters of oleic acid (Polysorbate or Tween 20 and 80), polymers of oxyethylated octyl phenol (Tyloxapol), and polyoxyl 40 stearate. The lowest concentration possible is used to perform the desired function. Their effect on preservative efficacy and their possible binding by macromolecules must be taken into account, as well as their effect on ocular irritation. The use of surfactants as cosolvents for an ophthalmic solution of chloramphenicol has been described [271]. This com-... 

The traditional major source for the nonionic surfactant industry is fatty acid triglycerides from both animal and vegetable sources as the saturated or unsaturated acids. The saturated acids include lauric acid (w-dodecanoic), myristic acid (n-tetradecanoic), palmitic acid ( -hexadecanoic),and stearic acid (n-octadecanoic). The unsaturated acids include oleic acid (Z-9-octadecenoic) and linoleic acid (Z,Z-9,12-octadecadienoic). Of the 200 non-ionic surfactants... 

Enhancers proposed for potential use for the buccal route include those studied for transdermal delivery [102], such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide, ethanol, propylene glycol, 2-pyrxolidones, decylmethyl sulfoxide, azone, sodium lauryl sulfate, oleic acid, bile salts, and nonionic surfactants (polysorbates). These enhancers fall into six categories [103] ... 

Solubilization in Nonionic Surfactant. Figure 2 shows the solubilization of oleic acid in Newcol nonionic surfactants. Turbidity was plotted against shaking time. The first number on the curve represents the surfactant. 1102 means dodecanol ethoxylate containing 2 EO. The second number on the curve represents the amount of oleic acid added to the surfactant solution. 

Figure 2. Solubilization of Oleic Acid in Nonionic Surfactant.

Since oleic acid is relatively polar, it may become emulsified by the surfactant monomer. The removal of oleic acid comes mainly from two contributions monomer emulsification and micellar solubilization. Although the Vgjj has been decreased with increasing EO number in dodecanol ethoxylates, in higher EO numbers than 5, this factor has been compensated by the Increase of monomer with increasing EO number (CMC decreases with EO number). The levelling of detergency of dodecanol ethoxylates from EO number 5 to EO number 8 has been interpreted by these reasons. The monomer emulsification of oleic acid has been clearly shown in this paper in SDS solution. The nonionic surfactants we used here have low EO numbers and show mainly the effect of solubilization. 

Figure 12.8 Stress cracking test on HIPS at 20°C in various media. The figure shows creep rupture curves for (1) n-heptane, (2) olive oil-oleic acid (1 1), (3) methanol, (4) battery acid, (5) Nekanil (nonionic surfactant) W-Extra solution, (6) distilled water and (7) air...

Selective solubilization can also occur in mixtures of polar and nonpolar oils. Using their oil drop method described previously, Chen et al. measured solubilization rates of mixtures of triolein and oleic acid in solutions of pure nonionic surfactants. As Figure 9.9 shows for a drop initially containing 85/15 triolein/oleic acid by weight injected into 2 wt% Tergitol 15-S-7 at 35°C, they observed that the solubilization process consisted of two stages. In the first stage, the drop radius... 

Macroemulsification For macroemulsification to be important, it is imperative that the interfacial tension between oily soil droplets and bath be low, so that emulsification can be accomplished with very little mechanical work. Here adsorption of surfactants at the oily soil-bath interface, with consequent lowering of the interfacial tensions, may play an important role. Emulsification was found to become a major factor when alkaline builders were added to a cleaning bath containing POE nonionic surfactant and the soil was mineral oil containing 5% oleic acid (Dillan, 1979). It is also involved in the suspension of liquefiable solid soil (Cox, 1987). 

Synonyms POE (25) monooleate Definition PEG ester of oleic acid Properties Nonionic Uses Surfactant... 

Definition Oleic acid hexaester of ethoxylated sorbitol with avg. 40 moles EO Properties HLB 10.2 nonionic Uses Surfactant, ofw emulsifier for metal lubricants, textiles, cosmetics, polymerization coupling agent lubricant plasticizer solubilizer defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings... 

Synonyms PEG-50 sorbitol hexaoleate (INCI) POE (50) sorbitol hexaoleate Definition Oleic acid hexaester of ethoxylated sorbitol with an avg. 50 moles EO Properties HLB 11.4 nonionic Uses Emulsifier, coupling agent for cosmetics, textiles, metalworking fluids, polymerization surfactant for foods, feed, pharmaceuticals in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings Reguiatory FDA 21CFR 175.300 Trade Name Synonyms Atlas G-1096 [Uniqema Uniqema Am. http //www.uniqema.com], Ethox HO-50 [Ethox http //www.ethox.com], Hedipin-SHO/500 [Dr. 

M. Y. Levy, S. Benita and A. Baszkin, Interactions of a nonionic surfactant with mixed phospholipid-oleic acid monolayers Studies imder d5mamic conditions. Colloids and Surfaces, 59, 225-241 (1991). 

Percolation phenomena have also been observed in the case of drug-incorporated nonionic microemulsion system. Electric conductivity has been measured as a function of water content ca for the oleic acid (oil), surfactant (Tween 80/ cosurfactant(ethanol) mixture and variation of <7 as a function of (O has been observed (Figure 3.5A). The behavior exhibits profile characteristic of percolative conductivity [33-38]. The conductivity is initially low in an oil-surfactant nuxture but increases with increase in aqueous phase. The low conductivity below cd suggests that the reverse droplets are discrete (isolated droplets in a nonconducting oleic medium, forming w/o microemulsion) and have little interaction. When the water content is raised above the value of <7 increases linearly and steeply up... 

Various kinds of self-organizing structures are formed in polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactant/water systems depending on temperature, surfactant concentration, surfactant structures, etc. [1,2], In previous studies on the basic phase behavior of nonionic surfactants, dodecyl chain surfactants have been mainly used. In longer chain nonionic surfactant systems, more phases appear and they are more important for practical applications, although the phase behavior have not been extensively studied. Polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers are biocompatible surfactants used for cosmetics, medicines, etc. The purity of commercially available oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) is usually around 60% and the rest contains more than 50 kinds of other fatty acids [3]. Since conventional commercial polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers are synthesized from the low-purity oleic acid, it is difficult to figure out the basic phase behavior of the nonionic surfactants in water. 

Chem. Descrip. Oleic acid 6 EO Ionic Nature Nonionic Uses Surfactant, emulsifier Properties Liq. HLB 9.7 100% solids Emulsionante NIEL-X [Erca]... 

Chem. Descrip. POE (14) oleic acid ester Ionic Nature Nonionic CAS 9004-96-0 Uses Surfactant... 

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