Nonionic, polyethoxylated

Studies carried out on anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants bave shown tbat tbe aromatic and bydropbilic portions of molecules are easily oxidi2ed, wbereas tbe long hydrocarbon chains are converted at slower rates. Surfactant activity does, however, disappear upon loss of the aromatic portion, thereby reducing the nuisance of the reactants (32). Total mineraLi2ation to CO2 has been demonstrated for nonionic polyethoxylated 4-nonylphenols having average numbers of 2,5, and 12 ethoxy units (33). 

There are some similarities between third-phase formation in liquid/liquid extraction and the critical phenomenon of cloud points in aqueous solutions of nonionic polyethoxylated surfactants (12, 91). When a nonionic micellar solution is heated to a certain temperature, it becomes turbid, and by further increasing the temperature,... 

Nonionic polyethoxylated surfactants exemplified by Triton X-405, tend to chain transfer in redox-initiated emulsion polymerizations and become chemically bound to the polymer. 

Extra mild surfactants (nonionic) polyethoxylated sorbitan ester Combination with amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants cocamidopropyl betaine Surfactants/glycol soap agents Cationic surfactants Cationic polymers Silicones and derivatives... 

Crescenzi, C., A. Di Corcia, R. Samperi, A. Marcomini, Nonionic polyethoxylate surfactants in environmental waters by LC/electrospray MS, Anal. Chem., 1995,67,1797-1804. Melander, W. R., A. Nahum, C. Horvath, Changes in conformation and retention of oligo(ethylene glycol) derivatives with temperature and eluent composition, J. Chromatogr., 1979,185, 129-152. 

Crescenzi, C., A. Di Corcia, R. Samperi, A. Marcomini, Nonionic polyethoxylate surfactants in environmental waters by LC/electrospray MS, Anal. Chem., 1995, 67, 1797-1804. 

American Society of Testing and Materials, Standard Test Method for Ethylene Oxide Content of Polyethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants, D2959-76 (1984). 

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

Many other products can be used as softeners but are less important commercially because of greater cost and/or inferior properties. Examples are anionic surfactants such as long-chain (C16-C22) alkyl sulphates, sulphonates, sulphosuccinates and soaps. These have rather low substantivity and are easily washed out. Nonionic types of limited substantivity and durability, usually applied by padding, include polyethoxylated derivatives of long-chain alcohols, acids, glycerides, oils and waxes. They are useful where ionic surfactants would pose compatibility problems and they exhibit useful antistatic properties, but they are more frequently used as lubricants in combination with other softeners, particularly the cationics. 

The well-known empirical Bancroft s rule [84] states that the phase in which the surfactant is preferentially soluble tends to become the continuous phase. An analogous empirical correlation has been reported by Shinoda and Saito [85]. Eor a nonionic surfactant of the polyethoxylated type [R-(CH2-CH2-0) -0H, where R is an alkyl chain], as temperature increases, the surfactant head group becomes less hydrated and hence the surfactant becomes less soluble in water and more soluble in oil. Its phase diagram evolves as schematically shown in Fig. 1.4. At low... 

For an ionic/nonionic system, where the nonionic is a polyethoxylate, the greater the degree oF polymerization oF the polyoxyethylene hydrophilic group, the greater the deviation From ideality. 

W.U. Malik and S.M. Saleem, Effect of additives on the critical micelle concentration of some polyethoxylated nonionic detergents, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 45 (1968) 670-672. 

Important classes of nonionic surfactants are aliphatic poly-ethoxylate alcohols (AEO), and octyl or nonyl phenol polyethoxylates (OPEO and NPEO). The alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) attracted special attention due to their supposedly endocrine disrupting properties (Ch. 8.3). LC-MS analysis may also involve nonylphenolethoxycarboxylates (NPEC), biodegradation products of NPEO, and halogenated analogues, generated in chlorine disinfection treatments in drinking water production plants. 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are nonionic surfactants produced by the polyethoxylation of linear fatty alcohols. Products tend to be mixtures of polymers of slightly varying molecular weights and the numbers used to describe polymer lengths are average values. 

Polyoxyethylene stearates are nonionic surfactants produced by polyethoxylation of stearic acid. Two systems of nomenclature are used for these materials. The number 8 in the names poloxyl 8 stearate or polyoxyethylene 8 stearate refers to the approximate polymer length in oxyethylene units. 

The same effect of catalyst concentration (catalyst NaOH) on the distribution of EO sequences/hydroxyl groups was observed in the synthesis of nonionic surfactants of polyethoxylated fatty alcohol types. Thus, by the transformation of 60-100% of the... 

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