Nonconventional synthetic

Syntheses (General Topics and Nonconventional Synthetic Methodologies, Synthetic Strategies and Individual Methods, Versatile Synthons and Specific Reagents, Ring Synthesis from Nonheterocyclic Compounds, Syntheses by Transformation of Heterocycles). 

Since the mid 90 s microwave-assisted synthesis has found its way into carbon nanostractures, offering significant advantages towards their functionalization. Economopoulos et al. (2011) have reviewed the latest trends in microwave-assisted functionalization of carbon nanostmctured materials covering major breakthiDughs achieved in the last few years, which is a novel, intriguing and nonconventional synthetic approach. 

In general, nonconventional protein foods must be competitive with conventional plant and animal protein sources on the bases of cost delivered to the consumer, nutritional value to humans or animals, functional value in foods, sensory quality, and social and cultural acceptability. Also, requirements of regulatory agencies in different countries for freedom from toxins or toxic residues in single-cell protein products, toxic glycosides in leaf protein products, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and toxins in fish protein concentrates, or inhibitory or toxic peptide components in synthetic peptides must be met before new nonconventional food or feed protein products can be marketed. 

For some recent reviews on the use of enzymes in nonconventional media, see (a) Dreyer, S., Lembrecht, J., Schumacher, J. and Kragl, U., Enzyme catalysis in nonaqueous media past, present, and future in biocatalysis in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, 2007, CRC Press, pp. 791-827 . (b) Torres, S. and Castro, G.R., Non-aqueous biocatalysis in homogeneous solvent systems. Food Technol. BiotechnoL, 2004, 42, 271-277 (c) Carrea, G. and Riva, S., Properties and synthetic applications of enzymes in organic solvent. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2000, 39, 2226-2254. 

Protein supports -m ms source [MASS SPECTROMETRY] (Vol 15) -m nuts [NUTS] (Vol 17) -from petroleum [PROTEINS] (Vol 20) -radiolabelmgof [RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS] (Vol20) -in silk [SILK] (Vol 22) -site-specific DNAbinding [NUCLEIC ACIDS] (Vol 17) -in soybean and other oilseeds [SOYBEANS AND OTHER OILSEEDS] (Vol 22) -synthetic foods [FOODS, NONCONVENTIONAL] (Vol 11) -use m cosmetics [COSMETICS] (Vol 7) -use m dairy substitutes [DAIRY SUBSTITUTES] (Vol 7) -use m dairy substitutes [DAIRY SUBSTITUTES] (Vol 7) -use of ultrafiltration [ULTRAFILTRATION] (Vol 24) -latices as [LATEX TECHNOLOGY] (Vol 15)... 

Ornithine decarboxylase catalyzes the transformation of ornithine to the polycationic bases, putresine, spermine, and spermidine. These compounds exert regulatory effects on cell growth. It has been shown that quercetin (10 to 30 pmol/mouse) markedly suppressed the stimulatory effect of the transporters associated with antigen processing (TPA) on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and on skin tumor formation in mice initiated with dimethylbenzanthracene. Such inhibition may be related to the activation of the catalytic site, which is under nonconventional regulation by small molecules. Also, the synthetic flavonoid flavone acetic acid was shown to inhibit the activity of ODC in stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes and human colonic lamina propria lymphocytes. 

Nonabsorbable sutures are divided into natural fibers (silk, cotton, linen), and man-made fibers. The latter include polypropylene, polyanfide, polyester, poly(ether ester), polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex ), polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF), and stainless steel. Monofilament Dyloc (from Dynek, Australia) is unusual among synthetic nonabsorbable sutures because it is made from a nonconventional man-made fiber poly(ether ester) (Fig. 10.2). The main types of material for both absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures are discussed in Chapter 11. 

A convenient and clean water-mediated synthesis of a series of 4-amino-2-ar-yl-1,2-dihydro pyrimido[l,2-a]benzimidazoles has been reported using alternative nonconventional energy sources [37]. The products were obtained in shorter times with excellent yields (78-89 %) from the multicomponent reaction of 2-ami-nobenzimidazole, malononitrile/ethylcyanoacetate, and carbonyl compounds (Scheme 8.26). The procedure does not involve the use of aity additional reagent/ catalyst, produces no waste, and represents a green synthetic protocol with high atom economy. The combination of microwave irradiation, ultrasonic irradiation, and aqueous-mediated conditions using multicomponent reactions leads to enhanced reaction rates, higher yields of pure products, easier workup, and sometimes selective conversions. Consequently, this protocol should be welcome in these environmentally aware days. 

Petroleum displaced coal as the main source of energy in the world in 1965. Since that date, world petroleum consumption has doubled to the point where it now serves 50% of the world s energy demand. This rapid growth has been due to the ease with which petroleum can be discovered, produced, transported, and refined. However, it has been estimated that production of conventional petroleum will peak in a few decades, possibly by the year 2000. Although production of nonconventional sources of petroleum, such as tar sands, oil shales, and synthetic oil will increase, these sources will not make up the short-fall in supply. 

---