Non volatile organic compounds

This technique was applied to several potable water samples. Crathorne et al. [35] used the above technique to identify and determine the following four non volatile chlorinated organic compounds in potable water. 

Source Reproduced by permission from Elsevier Science, UK [35] 

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A paraffin hydrocarbon of molecular mass 114 kg/kmol at 373 K, is to be separated from a mixture with a non-volatile organic compound of molecular mass 135 kg/kmol by stripping with steam. The liquor contains 8 per cent of the paraffin by mass and this is to be reduced to 0.08 per cent using an upward flow of steam saturated at 373 K. If three times the minimum amount of steam is used, how many theoretical stages will be required The vapour pressure of the paraffin at 373 K is 53 kN/m2 and the process takes place at atmospheric pressure. It may be assumed that the system obeys Raoult s law. 

Non volatile organic compounds are not amenable for gas chromatography. However, some types of non volatile compounds, upon pyrolysis, yield volatile products which are characteristic of the original substance and can be used as a basis of a method for estimating these substances. 

Kovacs, Z. and Dinya, Z., Examination of non-volatile organic compounds in red wines made in Eger, Microchem. J., 67, 57, 2000. 

In citrus fruits and products, most flavors and aromas are produced by polyphenolic compounds or essential oils plus a variety of non-volatile organic compounds. For detailed discussions of citrus flavors and chemical composition, the reader is referred to the excellent and comprehensive reviews which have been published (1,.2,.3,A.) ... 

Conventional electron impact or chemical ionization mass spectrometry requires that volatilization precede ionization and this is clearly a limiting factor in the analysis of many biochemically significant compounds. A newer ionization technique, field desorption (FD) (1, 2 ) removes this requirement and makes it possible to obtain mass spectrometric information on thermally unstable or non-volatile organic compounds such as glycoconjugates and salts. This development is particularly significant for those concerned with the analysis of glycolipids and we have therefore explored the suitability of field desorption mass spectrometry (FDMS) for this class of compounds. We have evaluated experimental procedures in order to enhance the efficiency of the ionization process and to maximize the information content of spectra obtained by this technique. 

Zheng, M., Wan, T.S.M., Fang, M., Wang, F., 1997. Characterization of the non-volatile organic compounds in the aerosols of Hong Kong Identification, abundance and origin. Atmos. Environ. 31, 227-237. 

Watts, C.D. Water Research Centre Technical Report TR 110. Mass spectrometric identification of non-volatile organic compounds (1979). 

Non-volatile organic compounds can be characterized by c.g.c. if pyrolyzed directly into the injector chamber of a g.c. [56, 57 ]. It has been shown that size exlusion chromatography and gel permeation chromatography are adequate techniques for fractionation of non-volatile components from water samples. The fractions are then to pyrolysis-g.c.— mass spectrometry for the characterization of humic acid and fulvic acids, sugars, and proteins [57 ]. ... 

Bruchet, A. et al., Recent methods for the determination of volatile and non-volatile organic compounds in natural and purified drinking water, J. Chromatogr., 562(1-2), 469, 1991. 

The range of off-line instruments available for water analysis Is wide. In fact, any analyser with optical or electrochemical detection can be adapted for this purpose. The use of liquid chromatography for the detection and quantitation of detergents or non-volatile organic compounds, of atomic absorption spectrometry for the analysis for heavy metal traces and of UV spectrophotometry for the determination of phosphates, nitrates and nitrites are representative examples of the potential utilization of conventional analysers for water analysis. 

Biocides are either semivolatile or non-volatile organic compounds. Since vapor pressures of non-volatile biocides, e.g. pyrethroids, are small, these biocides are mainly particle-bound. Their analysis in air might not be appropriate for the detection of indoor contamination, and the investigation of household dust may be used alternatively. Other biocides are semivolatile, e.g. chlorpyrifos, lindane (y-HCH) and penta-chlorophenol indoor contamination may be detected by analyzing either air or dust. 

Ethylene is frequently formed when non-volatile organic compounds are subjected to destructive distillation, or when hydrocarbons are heated to such a temperature that they undergo decomposition. The ethylene found in coal gas and in carbureted water gas is produced in this way. Natural gas also contains a small percentage of this hydrocarbon. The luminosity of illuminating gas is due in part to the presence of ethylene, which is present in the gas to the extent of from four to five per cent. 

In geologic conditions nonpolar, hydrophobic substances under consideration, depending on pressure and temperature are capable of changing their phase state and can be gaseous, liquid or even solid. In gas state they form underground gas whose composition is dominated by such components as CH, more rarely and very rarely CO. Liquid nonpolar substances are mobile solutions (crude oil, oil products, residual oil, etc.,) whose composition is dominated by complex non-volatile organic compounds, namely, liquid alkanes (from pentane to heptadecane), almost all naphthenes, numerous aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, isopropyl benzene, etc.), which in pure form may have melting temperature below 0 °C. 

ZLD is used in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) facUities in areas where adequate disposal weUs are too far from the central processing facUity [14]. However, the thermal unit had problems handling non-volatile organic compounds (humic acids and asphaltenes) that build up in the evaporator/crystaUiser and contaminate the salt cake. The facUity in Alberta, Canada had to instaU a second MVR unit making the process very... 

One of the major analytical problems with fruit and vegetable samples is the detection and identification of non-volatile organic compounds present in low concentration levels, as happens for most of the phytoalexins produced by plants. Mass spectrometry is widely used in the analysis of such compounds, providing exact mass identification. However, the difficulty with their unequivocal identification and quantitative detection lies in their volatilization into the gas phase prior to injection into the analyser. This constitutes particular problems for thermally labile samples, as they rapidly decompose upon heating. To circumvent this difficulty a wide range of techniques have been applied for non-volatile compound analysis, including FAB (Fast Atom Bombardment), FD (Field Desorption), LD (Laser Desorption), PD (Plasma Desorption) and SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry). Further details of laser desorption can be found in Section 28.7. 

All non-volatile organic compounds containing arsenic leave heat-resistant tertiary calcium arsenate when ignited with calcium oxide. 

When sodium amide (m.p. 200° C) is strongly ignited, it decomposes into its elements if heated with carbon, sodium cyanide is formed. Thus, sodium cyanide is formed when sodium amide is ignited with non-volatile organic compounds. This test, if combined with a sensitive test for cyanide, forms the basis of a good test for carbon, which, in contrast to test i, is not affected by the presence of reducing or oxidising materials. 

Stillwell, R. N., D. I. Carroll, J. G. Nowlin, and E. C. Horning Formation of Trimethylsilyl Molecular Adduct Ions in Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Non-volatile Organic Compounds. Analyt. Chemistry 55, 1313 (1983). 

Non volatile organic compounds, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, carboxy alkyl phenoxy ethoxy carboxylates, di-carboxylic acids, aldehydes Ethylene ferric diamine tetraacetic acid... 

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