Non-toxic effect

Statistical analysis is essential In order to gain an overview of the very extensive data collected during such studies and to highlight any underlying trends. This analysis also aids in determining the non-toxic effect level required by regulatory authorities. 

The maximum no observed (non-toxic) effect dose level (NOEL). 

Mansoor A, Zaidi Ml, Malghani MAK (2000) Isolation of bioactive alkaloids from Gentiana Olivieri and its non-toxic effect. Pak J Bot 32 105-109... 

Both chloramine-T and dichloramine-T have marked antiseptic properties, chloramine-T being most frequently used because of its solubility in water. Aqueous solutions of chloramine-T can be used either for external application, or for internal application to the mouth, throat, etc, as chloramine-T in moderate quantities is non-toxic its aqueous solution can also be effectively used when the skin has come in contact with many of the vesicant liquid poison-gases, as the latter are frequently organic sulphur or arsenic derivatives which combine with or are oxidised by chloramine-T and are thus rendered harmless. 

The single dose of a drug is mo.stly derived from experience it is only possible in a very few cases to calculate it from the activity of the constituents. However, as many herbal drugs arc only weakly active and contain non-toxic substances, i.e, the therapeutic index is large, exceeding the dose is usually only of minor significance nevertheless, the pharmacist must know what the exceptions are in this book, the sections on Side effects and Making the tea draw particular attention to such cases, c.g. arnica flowers, liquorice root, etc. 

LPG is considered to be non-toxic witli no chronic effects, but the vapour is slightly anaesthetic. In sufficiently high concentrations, resulting in oxygen deficiency, it will result in physical asphyxiation. The gases are colourless and odourless but an odorant or stenching agent (e.g. methyl mercaptan or dimethyl sulphide) is normally added to facilitate detection by smell down to approximately 0.4% by volume in air, i.e. one-fifth of the lower flammable limit. The odorant is not added for specific applications, e.g. cosmetic aerosol propellant. 

Pharmacology. Lycorine was first examined by Morishima wl found it relatively non-toxic to mammals. Given per os or subcutaneous, to the dog or cat, it causes, in small doses, salivation and in large dos vomiting and diarrhoea. It has no special effect on the blood pressure death seems to be due to a generalised collapse. Post mortem —hyper m and ecchymoses in the stomach, intestine, pulmonary pleura and end... 

The measure used to describe the potential for noncarcinogenic toxicity to occur in an individual is not expressed as tlie probability of an individual suffering an adverse effect. The EPA does not at tlie present time use a probabilistic approach to estimate tlie potential for noncarcinogenic healtli effects. Instead, tlie potential for non carcinogenic effects is evaluated by comparing an exposure level over a specified time period (e.g., lifetime) witli a reference dose derived for a similar exposure period. Tliis ratio of exposure to toxicity is called a liazard quotient and is described below. (The reader is referred to Chapter 11 for additional details on tlie material tliat follows). The noncancer liazard quotient assumes tliat tliere is a level of exposure (i.e., RfD) below which it is unlikely for even sensitive populations to experience adverse healtli effects. 

Toxicity. MEDINA is apparently non-toxic to rabbit penile mucosa its cumulative effect on abraded and intact rabbit skin is slightly greater than Tetryl no damage was observed to rabbit cornea and there was no evidence of sensitization by subcutaneous injection in guinea pigs. It was concluded that its toxicity is similar to that of Tetryl (Ref 11, p 138)... 

Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, Wintermayr H, Negele R (2004) Toxic effects of non-steroideal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I. Histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 68 141-150... 

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