Nomenclature used in this book

Before starting our journey through the nets, we would like to say something about the nomenclature of nets used in this book. 

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Figure 1.2 Proteins are built up by amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, (a) Schematic diagram of an amino acid. Illustrating the nomenclature used in this book. A central carbon atom (Ca) is attached to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a side chain (R). (b) In a polypeptide chain the carboxyl group of amino acid n has formed a peptide bond, C-N, to the amino group of amino acid + 1. One water molecule is eliminated in this process. The repeating units, which are called residues, are divided into main-chain atoms and side chains. The main-chain part, which is identical in all residues, contains a central Ca atom attached to an NH group, a C =0 group, and an H atom. The side chain R, which is different for different residues, is bound to the Ca atom.

The nomenclature used in this book is presented in section 3.1. It should be noted [2] that For polynuclear complexes and complexes with several kinds of ligands, it may sometimes be practicable to use P with... multiple subscripts. Their general meaning must then be defined very clearly with a full... 

The nomenclature used in this book is that according to The Chemical Society. 

Analysis of the products indicated that these new macrocycles consisted of six pyrrolic subunits linked in a (1.1.1.1.1.1) fashion by six methine subunits. As such, they may be referred to as being [26]hexaphyrins-(l.l.l.l.l.l) in the Franck-type nomenclature used in this book. Here, the key macrocycle name, hexaphyrin, came from Gossauer. Indeed, because this investigator viewed products 7.9-7.12 as being the next higher porphyrin homolog in the porphyrin-pentaphyrin series coined the term hexaphyrin for this class of macrocycles. 

Tables 2.2 and 2.3 summarize the nomenclature used in this book and compare it with the nomenclature used elsewhere.

The nomenclature used in this book most closely follows the Chemical Abstracts system of naming organic compounds. This system differs, but only slightly,... 

As the science of organic chemistry slowly grew in the 19th century, so too did the number of known compounds and the need for a systematic method of naming them. The system of nomenclature we ll use in this book is that devised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC, usually spoken as eye-you-pac). 

Since many of the developments in modern liquid chromatography are of recent origin the nomenclature commonly used is less standardized than that of gas chromatography [188]. Wc have Mde an arbitrary selection of the terms we prefer to use in this book along with some other common alternatives in Table 1.13. 

The IUPAC nomenclature will be used in this book with some exceptions. One exception is the use of well-established, non-IUPAC names for most of the commonly encountered polymers of commercial importance. Another exception will be in not following rule 2 for writing the constitutional repeating unit (although the correct IUPAC name will be employed). Using the IUPAC choice of the CRU leads in some cases to structures that are longer and appear more complicated. Thus the IUPAC structure for the polymer in Eq. 1-3 is... 

An earlier method for distinguishing between such pairs of ions used the suffixes -ous and -ic added to the root of the (usually Latin) name of the metal to indicate the ions of lower and higher charge, respectively. Thus, Fe was called the ferrous ion and Fe the ferric ion. This method, although still used occasionally, is not recommended for systematic nomenclature and is not used in this book. 

The nomenclature for ATP synthase is further complicated by still many other designations and variants thereof found in the literature. For instance, FI+-ATPase has also been in common use to indicate its function in proton translocation. Other variants found in the literature for CFo F, (used in this book) include CFq-Fi CFpFo, CF,-CFo, etc. 

The chlorides derived from the reaction of aroyl phenylhydrazines with phosphorus pentachloride are recorded in the literature under a variety of names. While Chemical Abstracts lists these compounds as the phenyl-hydrazones of the corresponding acid chlorides (for example, benzoyl chloride phenylhydrazone for C H5CiCl)=NNHC H5), Beilstein uses the terms a-chlorobenzyliden phenylhydrazine or a-chlorobenzal phenyl-hydrazine for this compound. In view of the relationship of the chlorides I with the corresponding acid hydrazides (II), their hydrolysis products, the names hydrazide chlorides or hydrazidoyl chlorides are more appropriate. In order to preserve conformity of nomenclature, the latter name is used in this book. 

According to lUPAC nomenclature rules, the trivial names of common polymers do not necessarily have to be replaced by structural names. Therefore, both trivial and structural names of polymers will be used in this book. In general, the standard abbreviations of trivial names will only be used in diagrammatic illustrations (see, for example. Table VII-6). Trade names of thermoplasts, thermosets, elastomers, and fibers will not be used in the text. 

The following guidelines are all based on the lUPAC aromatic nomenclature system. They are not complete, and you will not be able to name all aromatic compounds by using them. However, you will be able to name and recognize those used in this book. 

The preferred kind of SIS is a variant of the analyte in which one or more of the constituent atoms is enriched (preferably to 100%) with a stable isotope of that atom. (Such isotopic variants of the target analyte are sometimes called isotopomers of the natural analyte, but objections have been raised to this usage since the term is also used to indicate a special kind of isomer in which different isotopomers are related only by exchange of different isotopes of an element among two or more positions in the molecule, e.g., 2- Cl-4- Cl-phenol and 2- Cl-4- Cl-phenol are isotopomers. A suitable isotope-labeled surrogate IS for 2,4-dichlorophenol would be 3,5,6-D3-2, 4-dichlorophenol, an example of what is sometimes called an isotopolog this nomenclature is used in this book). The most commonly used isotopes for this purpose in organic analysis are H (also denoted as D, deuterium), and N these are of low natural abundance relative to... 

As mentioned, the specific rotation is a physical property of the enantiomer. One enantiomer will have a specific rotation with a clockwise rotation (+) and the other enantiomer will have a specific rotation with counterclockwise rotation (-). 2-Butanol has two enantiomers. One has a [a] of +13° (neat) and is named (+)-2-butanol. The term neat refers to the fact that no solvent is used and pure 2-butanol is placed in the polarimeter cell to measure a. The other enantiomer is (-)-2-butanol with [a], -13° (neat) and it may be called ent-2-butanol, where ent means enantiomer. The ent nomenclature is usually applied to more complicated chiral molecules, and it will rarely be used in this book. As with this example, enantiomers will have the same magnitude for specific rotation, but they will have the opposite sign [(+) or (-)]. 

The nomenclature, symbols and conventions used in this book correspond with those normally used in the field as exemplified in a number of texts which also contain more extensive treatments of the theory and practice of Mossbauer spectroscopy and to which the reader requiring this information is referred (e.g. Gibb, 1977 Gonser, 1975 Greenwood Gibb, 1971 May, 1971 Wertheim, 1964). 

In Table 1, drawn up by the author, of abbreviations in common use those in bold type are in the main schedule of BS 3502. In this list the names given for the materials aie the commonly used scientific names. This situation is further complicated by the adoption of a nomenclature by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for systematic names and a yet further nomenclature by the Association for Science Education which is widely used in British schools but not in industry. Some examples of these are given in Table 2. Because many rubbery materials have been referred to in this book. Tables 3 and 4 list abbreviations for these materials. 

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