Nitroglycerine replacing

QHsNjO, OCCH CH.ONO ),. Formed by the nitration of diethyleneglycol. Viscous, colourless, odourless liquid m.p. — ll-5" C. Used to replace nitroglycerin as a propellant. 

MicrobaUoons have been used for gap filling, where the spheres dampen sound or vibration in the stmcture. In the medical area, microbaUoons have been evaluated as a skin replacement for bum victims and phantom tissue for radiation studies. An important appHcation is in nitroglycerin-based explosives, in which microbaUoons permit a controUed sequential detonation not possible with glass spheres. 

Oral mucosal membranes provide a port for systemic therapy as weU. Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets (Nitrostat) abort acute mgina attacks methyl-testosterone [58-18-4] buccal tablets (Android 5) are indicated for testosterone [58-22-0] replacement therapy (39) md nicotine [54-11-5] gum (Nicorette) aids in smoking cessation. 

DuPont in the U.S. developed about 1909, a smokeless powder from cotton of relatively low nitrogen that was quite soluble in ether alcohol. A small amount of diphenylamine was used as a stabilizer. After forming the grains and removing the liquid, a coating of graphite was added to make the smokeless powder that was used in the U.S. Other double-base types contain about 25% nitroglycerin. Cotton lint for nitration has been replaced by purified wood cellulose. 

Attempts to replace nitroglycerine partly or wholly by nitroglycol had little success due to... 

Transdermal patches are applied to the skin. The drug is mixed with the adhesive for the patch, and so it lies next to the skin. The skin can readily absorb many chemicals and so can absorb drugs such as nitroglycerin (for heart disease), morphine derivatives (for constant, severe pain), estrogen (for hormone replacement therapy), or nicotine (for easing symptoms that result when a patient stops smoking). 

Nitro Compounds, Feuer H. Nielsen A. T. (Eds), New York, VCH, 1990, 315 The crude product is too explosive to be worked up. Analogy with other olefins indicates that the final product will be ethylene glycol dinitrate, a known explosive though safe enough to have largely replaced nitroglycerine. That will be preceded by 1,2-dinitroethane and nitratonitroethane, more sensitive if less powerful. 

Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) Material replacing nitroglycerin in dynamites. 

Ginseng (41) (Ginsana ) capsules t.i.d. for 2 wks Male/47 Heart valve replacement Warfarin 5 mg/d for 5 yrs 7.5 mg each Tuesday Diltiazem, nitroglycerin, salsalate Decreased INR (from about 3.3 to 1.5) Not known... 

Murata [42] reported similar results for explosives containing ammonium nitrate, 8% of nitroglycerine, 0.3% of nitrocellulose and 8% of woodmeal. Sodium or potassium chloride in proportion 1-15% and 1-10% respectively replaced the corresponding part of ammonium nitrate. 

V. Nitroglycerine low-density powder. This is a modification of Group IV. Low density (ca. 0.7) is obtained by incorporating vegetable fibre or peat. A low density form of ammonium nitrate and sodium chloride may also be used. A 1 Roun-kol is an example of an explosive of this group. Sheathed Rounkol has been replaced by Unikol. They are used for soft coal, for maximum lump production. Their water resistance is the same as that of Group IV. 

The enormous consumption of smokeless powder during this war led to difficulties in producing a sufficient quantity of nitroglycerine. In Russia and Germany attempts were made to replace part of the nitroglycerine by aromatic nitro compounds... 

In some countries, especially during World War I when nitroglycerine was in short supply, it was partly replaced by aromatic nitro compounds, e.g. liquid DNT (a liquid mixture of DNT and TNT isomers). Partial replacement of nitroglycerine by nitro compounds also reduced the erosive effect of the powder by lowering the heat of explosion and the flame temperature during explosive decomposition. 

During World War I and later attenuated ballistite (Ballistite ATT) in which the nitroglycerine was partly replaced by DNT was used in France. To prevent excessive attenuation the collodion cotton was partly replaced by high nitrated nitrocellulose (CP,) ... 

In the U.S.S.R. a type of solventless powder was introduced in which organic nitro compounds, e.g. DNT, partly replaced the nitroglycerine. DNT acts as a non-volatile solvent and as a stabilizer. Since it also reduces the heat of explosion these powders are either flashless or partly so. 

Other patents of the interwar period include several that specified addition of substances rich in carbon, e.g. of powdered hydrocellulose, to obtain flashless charges. In the U.S.S.R. nitroglycerine powder was used in which a part of the nitroglycerine was replaced by aromatic nitro compounds. During World War II the most widely used flashless powder contained nitroguanidine (in Germany called Gudol powder). 

The introduction of a large amount of nitroguanidine would be very difficult, were it not for the replacement of the nitroglycerine by dinitrodiethyleneglycol which... 

Experiments on the use of mixtures of nitric add with phosphoric anhydride showed this to be impracticable, since separate layers were formed with the phosphoric acid at the bottom and nitroglycerine remaining dissolved in the nitric add layer from which it had to be separated by adding water. Nor was replacement of sulphuric acid by anhydrous calcium nitrate of any practical value, as predpitation of nitroglycerine by the addition of water was necessary. The yield attained by application of both these methods does not exceed 2 parts of nitroglycerine from 1 part of glycerol. At the time when concentrated nitric add was very expensive, attempts were made to nitrate glycerine with a mixture of sulphuric acid and sodium nitrate (Huntley and Kessel [1]). However, this method found no practical use. 

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