Lumping of products

A mixture of 45.6 g. (0.2 mole) of benzilic acid (Note 1) in 700 ml. of anhydrous thiophene-free benzene, contained in a 2-1. three-necked flask fitted with a reflux condenser (attached to a calcium chloride drying tube) and a motor-driven sealed stirrer, is cooled in an ice bath until a crystalline mass results. To the stirred mixture is added, in one portion, 80 g. (0.6 mole) of anhydrous aluminum chloride. The stirred mixture is heated until refluxing begins and is maintained at this temperature for 3 hours. During this period much hydrogen chloride is evolved, and the initially yellow solution soon becomes deep red. The solution is cooled and decomposed by the cautious addition of small pieces of ice, and then 400 ml. of water is added cautiously, followed by 200 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The benzene is removed by steam distillation, and the product is separated by filtration from the hot mixture. The lumps of product are crushed and extracted with 400 ml. of boiling 10% sodium carbonate solution. The mixture is filtered, and the extraction is repeated on the undissolved residue with an additional 200 ml. of hot 10% sodium carbonate solution. The basic filtrates are... 

Model 1 in Table 2 considers that deactivation does not depend on the composition of the reaction medium (deactivation independent of the main reaction). In model 2, deactivation takes place in parallel with the main reaction and ethene (which is formed at the entrance of the reactor) is the coke precursor. In model 3 the lumps of products (olefins and gasoline) are considered as coke precursors (deactivation in series with the main reaction). Models 4 and 5 consider the three lumps (ethene, olefins and gasoline) as coke precursors (deactivation in series-parallel with the main reaction). In model 5, the same contribution to coke formation is considered for olefins and for gasoline. 

Tubercles are much more than amorphous lumps of corrosion product and deposit. They are highly structured. Structure and growth are interrelated in complex ways. 

The stirrer is started and there is added rapidly a cold sulfuric acid solution made by adding enough ice to 200 cc. of concentrated sulfuric acid (sp. g. 1.84) (Note 7) so that some of the ice is not melted. The stirring is continued for five or ten minutes or until the yellow lumps of the sodium salt disappear. The mixture is then extracted with three 600-cc. portions of benzene (Note 8). The benzene is destilled (Note g) from the extracts on a water bath and the residue is transferred to a special 2-I. Claisen flask (Org. Syn. 1, 40) and distilled under diminished pressure. The product boils at i3o-i32°/37 mm. or ii7-iig°/2g mm. A small high-boiling fraction is redistilled to yield 20-30 g. more of the ethyl acetopyruvate. The total yield is 480-520 g. (61-66 per cent of the theoretical amount). 

Jaw crushers take lumps of several feet in diameter down to 4 in. Stroke rates are 100-300/min. The average feed is subjected to 8-10 strokes before it becomes small enough to escape. Gyratory crushers are suited to slabby feeds and make a more rounded product. 

Figure 1.30. A histogram of raw weights from Figure 1.29 and the distribution of residuals that resulted after subtraction of a shifted box-car average are superimposed. The CP-curve, plotted with the (NPS) option in HISTO, is for the raw weights the corresponding curve for the residuals would be about twice as steep. The asymmetry of the raw-weight distribution is evident both in the histogram and the lack of linearity of the CP-curve it is due to many subpopulations of product being lumped into one batch. Every time a mechanic makes an adjustment on a knife, a new subpopulation is created. The residuals appear to be normally distributed, however.

If the process used has not been developed exclusively by the operating company, royalties and licence fees may be payable. These may be paid as a lump sum, included in the fixed capital, or as an annual fee or payments based on the amount of product sold. 

Royalties are the costs paid to the owners of patents for using their inventions or processes. These are agreed upon in advance and usually amount to around 5/ 1,000 lb (500 kg) of product produced. There are also lump-sum royalties, where for a stated amount, which is paid only once, all rights to use the invention or process are given to the leasee. 

The reaction mixture is concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure. At first the solvent may be distilled rapidly, but, after the mixture becomes syrupy, the distillation should be carried out below 30° until the residue is almost solid. At a pressure of 10 mm. the concentration requires about 2 hours. The residue is diluted with 500 ml. of cold water, which should be added in several portions with thorough shaking to break up all the lumps. The product is collected on a filter and washed with dilute hydrochloric acid until the filtrate comes through colorless. 

The word chou(x) means cabbage(s) in French and is supposed to refer to the shaped produced by baking a lump of this pastry. The product is said to have originated in Renaissance Italy. 

Bloomery The earliest process for making iron from iron ore, operated from around 1500 BC until the blast furnace was invented around 1500 AD. The ore is heated with charcoal in a furnace blown by bellows the product, known as bloom, is a composite of iron particles and slag. When this is hammered, the slag is expelled to the surface and a lump of relatively pure iron remains. See also Catalan. 

The mixture does not usually become a clear solution because the product begins to crystallize. It is not difiicult, however, to recognize yellow lumps of unreacted phosphorus pentachloride. 

On the one hand chemicals were being traced in environmental media as well as in products in unexpected dimensions both in terms of quality as well as in terms of quantity. On the other hand effects like "endocrine disruption" showed that also extremely low concentrations (like ppt, parts per trillion equals to the sugar concentration achieved if one lump of sugar would be dissolved in lake Constance) could lead to adverse effects. Moreover the current instruments of chemicals policy could - at least to a great extent - not cope with the political challenges. 

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