Nitrogen-based surfactants

These properties will be discussed as they apply to nitrogen-based surfactants. 

James, A. D., Wates, J. M. and Wyn-Jones, E. (1993) Determination of the hydrophilicities of nitrogen based surfactants by measurement of partition coefficients between heptane and water. J. Colloid Interface ScL, 160, 158-165. 

Three generations of latices as characterized by the type of surfactant used in manufacture have been defined (53). The first generation includes latices made with conventional (/) anionic surfactants like fatty acid soaps, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, and alkyl sulfonates (54) (2) nonionic surfactants like poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(vinyl alcohol) used to improve freeze—thaw and shear stabiUty and (J) cationic surfactants like amines, nitriles, and other nitrogen bases, rarely used because of incompatibiUty problems. Portiand cement latex modifiers are one example where cationic surfactants are used. Anionic surfactants yield smaller particles than nonionic surfactants (55). Often a combination of anionic surfactants or anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to provide improved stabiUty. The stabilizing abiUty of anionic fatty acid soaps diminishes at lower pH as the soaps revert to their acids. First-generation latices also suffer from the presence of soap on the polymer particles at the end of the polymerization. Steam and vacuum stripping methods are often used to remove the soap and unreacted monomer from the final product (56). 

PLA/PCL-OMMT nano-composites were prepared effectively using fatty amides as clay modifier. The nano-composites shows increasing mechanical properties and thermal stability (Hoidy et al, 2010c). New biopolymer nano-composites were prepared by treatment of epoxidized soybean oil and palm oil, respectively plasticized PLA modified MMT with fatty nitrogen compounds. The XRD and TEM results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. The novelty of these studies is use of fatty nitrogen compoimds which reduces the dependence on petroleum-based surfactants (Al-Mulla et al., 2011 Al-Mulla et ah, 2011 Al- Mulla et ah, 2010c). 

Cationic surfactants have at least one hydrophobic group attached directly to a positively charged nitrogen atom. Cationic surfactants may be formed from nitriles, amines, amidoamines, or quaternary nitrogen bases. Significant literature reviews cover this subject in great detail.21-22... 

HOCHjCH N detergents, emulsifiers, surfactants, as a corrosion inhibitor for lubricants, and in the manufacture of cosmetics. Dual Use Synthesis of the nitrogen based Vesicant HN-3. Sol Miscible Fl.P 365°F IP 7.9 eV... 

Interestingly, the rate almost quadruples if nitrogen bases such as quinoline (Q) or aniline are used as co-catalysts. This kinetic effect may be due to several beneficial actions by the nitrogen bases on either the catalyst (faster formation and/or better stabilization) or the phase system (stabilization of the emulsion, improved solubility of BT in water). The quality of the emulsion seems to be of particular importance as shown by the fact that TPPTS, which is a worse surfactant than TPPMS, also gives worse catalytic results. Other nitrogen bases such as acridine, tetrahydro-quinoline (THQ), piperidine, and triethylamine give lower conversions to DHBT as compared with analogous reactions co-catalyzed by aniline or quinoline. 

The most important conclusion from the core-flood experiments is that the selected surfactants produced effective nitrogen-based foams at extreme conditions of salinity and hardness in oil-free porous media under reservoir conditions (2). 

Figure 13.7. Preparation of various nitrogen-based feedstocks (and nitrogen-based nonionic surfactants)...

Permanent, nonvolatile surfactants also And use, typically at 1-2 phr. These include ethoxylated nonylphenol derivaties such as Tergitol NP-10 (Dow) or Igepal CO-520 (Rhodia) (CAS 127087-87-0). These may add to heat stability of compounds stabilized with overbased calcium or barium nonylphenates (Section 4.4.2). Nonylphenate-based surfactants (as well as stabilizers) are sensitive to nitrogen oxide (acid gas) discoloration, a factor that must be balanced against their... 

Prior to the availability of straight-chain, petroleum-based surfactants, the sole sources of raw materials for cationic surfactants were vegetable oils and animal fats. All those materials could be considered to be derivatives of fatty amines of one, two, or three alkyl chains bonded directly or indirectly to a cationic nitrogen group. The most important classes of these cationics are the simple amine salts, quaternary ammonium compounds, and amine oxides ... 

In nitrogen-based cationic surfactants, it has generally been found that the presence of short-chain alkyl groups (fewer than four carbon atoms) attached to the nitrogen has little apparent effect on the efficiency of adsorption of the molecule. The dominant factor will always be the length of the primary hydrophobic chain. That effect is true whether the alkyl groups are attached to a quaternary ammonium group, an amine oxide, or a heterocyclic nucleus such as pyridine. 

Emulsion Polymerizations, eg. vinyl acetate [VAc]/ABDA, VAc/ethylene [VAE]/ABDA, butyl acrylate [BA]/ABDA, were done under nitrogen using mixed anionic/nonlonic or nonionic surfactant systems with a redox Initiator, eg. t-butyl hydroperoxide plus sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate. Base monomer addition was batch or batch plus delay comonomer additions were delay. 

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