Nicotine Theophylline

Further screening tests are directed to detect activity against bicuculline, picrotoxin and strychnine induced convulsions [15-17]. For completion, the data of anticonvulsant activities against various other chemoconvulsants eg. nicotine, theophylline which are not currently employed are also presented in this review. 

Common Name 7-((3-3 -picolylaminoethyl)theophylline nicotinate Structural Formula ... 

The melting point of the pure nicotinic acid salt is 180°C and the yield is 75% to 80% related to the used theophylline. The substance has a nearly neutral reaction and is very readily soluble in water. 

Bromoethyl)theophylline Pimefylline nicotinate 2-Bromo- -fluoro-17a 1 -dihydroxy-9/3,11/3-oxido-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-17,21 -acetate Halopredone acetate 1 -Bromo-5-hexanone Pentoxifylline... 

Theophylline is also a CYP1A2 substrate may need to increase the usual theophylline dose when a patient begins to smoke, or decrease the theophylline dose if smoking is stopped or nicotine replacement is used instead of smoking. 

Some CNS stimulants have an effect on the same systems that are involved in wakefulness, including glutamate-, NE-, DA-, 5-HT-, histamine-, hypocretin- and ACh-containing neurons. This group includes molecules such as cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine. The sleep-promoting systems are concentrated in the medial part of the brainstem, dorsal reticular substance of the medulla, anterior hypothalamus, and basal forebrain (Jones 2005). Other stimulants, such as caffeine and theophylline, block some sleep-inducing mechanisms. Modafinil is also a CNS stimulant with an unknown mechanism of action. 

Alkaloids are compounds that contain nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring and are commonly found in about 15-20% of all vascular plants. Alkaloids are subclassified on the basis of the chemical type of their nitrogen-containing ring. They are formed as secondary metabolites from amino acids and usually present a bitter taste accompanied by toxicity that should help to repel insects and herbivores. Alkaloids are found in seeds, leaves, and roots of plants such as coffee beans, guarana seeds, cocoa beans, mate tea leaves, peppermint leaves, coca leaves, and many other plant sources. The most common alkaloids are caffeine, theophylline, nicotine, codeine, and indole... 

In a further application of MI-SPE, theophylline could be separated from the structurally related caffeine by combining the specific extraction with pulsed elution, resulting in sharp baseline-separated peaks, which on the other hand was not possible when a theophylline imprinted polymer was used as stationary phase for HPLC. A detection limit of 120 ng mb1 was obtained, corresponding to a mass detection limit of only 2.4 ng [45]. This combination of techniques was also used for the determination of nicotine in tobacco. Nicotine is the main alkaloid in tobacco and is the focus of intensive HPLC or GC analyses due to its health risk to active and passive consumers. However, HPLC- and GC-techniques are time-consuming as well as expensive, due to the necessary pre-purification steps required because the sample matrices typically contain many other organic compounds besides nicotine. However, a simple pre-concentration step based on MI-SPE did allow faster determination of nicotine in tobacco samples. Mullett et al. obtained a detection limit of 1.8 jig ml 1 and a mass detection limit of 8.45 ng [95]. All these examples demonstrate the high potential of MI-SPE to become a broadly applicable sample pre-purification tool. 

Stankov B, Cimino M, Marini P, Lucini V, Fraschini F, dementi F. (1993). Identification and functional significance of nicotinic choiinergic receptors in the rat pineal gland. NeuroscI Lett. 156(1-2) 131-34. Stein MA, Krasowski M, Leventhai BL, Phiiiips W, Bender BG. (1996). Behavioral and cognitive effects of methyixanthines. A meta-anaiysis of theophylline and caffeine. Arch Pedlatr Adolesc Med. 150(3) 284-8. 

The methylxanthine theophylline (p. 326), the phosphodiesterase inhibitor amrinone (p. 132), prostacyclins (p. 197), and nicotinic acid derivatives (p. 156) also possess vasodilating activity. 

Smoking cessation, with or without nicotine substitutes, may alter response to concomitant medication in ex-smokers. Smoking may affect alcohol, benzodiazepines, beta-adrenergic blockers, caffeine, clozapine, fluvoxamine, olanzapine, tacrine, theophylline, clorazepate, lidocaine (oral), estradiol, flecanide, imipramine, heparin, insulin, mexiletine, opioids, propranolol, catecholamines, and cortisol. 

Some alkaloids interfere with the assembly of microtubules (taxol, colchicine, maytansine), inhibit key enzymes such as adenylate cyclase (papaverine, theophylline, theobromine), activate neuromuscular systems involving ACH (physostigmine, coniine, nicotine), inhibit digestive processes (emetine, lobeline, morphine), modulate liver and kidney function (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, amanitine), and destabilize the blood and circulatory system (vinblastine, colchicine). 

Table 3.23. INFLUENCE OF AZIDOFIBRATE, CLOFIBRATE AND NICOTINIC ACID UPON ADRENALINE- AND THEOPHYLLINE-INDUCED RAT FAT CELL...

Caffeine (cojOfee," tea), nicotine (Tobacco), theophylline Miscellaneous... 

Only few transdermal products (e.g., steroidal hormone, caffeine, theophylline, fentanyl, scopolamine, nicotine, methylphenidate) have been tested or marketed for use in the pediatric population. The development of transdermal products in pediatric doses could be very beneficial for children who are unable to tolerate oral medications. The need for several sizes of patches to cover different doses needed by different subsets of the pediatric population and to avoid accidents with cutting adult patches can be a limitation. The younger, the better permeation. Hence a compromise between topical versus transdermal efficacy and safety should be sought. 

Vitamin B12 and folate are both required for conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Increased serum homocysteine may help define vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Homocysteine levels can also be elevated in vitamin Bg deficiency, renal failure, hypothyroidism, and in persons with a genetic defect in cystathionine /S-synthase. Additionally, elevated levels have been caused by medications including nicotinic acid, theophylline, methotrexate, and L-dopa. 

---