Nickel electroplating solutions

Nickel carbonate is used in the manufacture of catalysts, in the preparation of colored glass (qv), in the manufacture of certain nickel pigments, and as a neutralizing compound in nickel electroplating solutions. It also is used in the preparation of many specialty nickel compounds. 

Nickel dioxide, 77 107 Nickel double salts, 77 113 Nickel electrodes, 3 430 72 216 Nickel electroplating solutions, 9 818t Nickel extraction, 70 791 Nickel ferrite brown spinel, formula and DCMA number, 7 348t Nickel fibers, 77 108 Nickel fluoride complexes, 77 111 Nickel fluoride tetrahydrate, 77 109-110 Nickel fluoroborate, 77 111 Nickel fluoroborate hexahydrate, 4 157t, 158, 159... 

Recent developments in ion chromatography are filling the analytical gap between the atomic adsorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma metal spectroscopy. Ion chromatography can now not only determine what trace metals are present, but also their oxidation state, the degree of complexation, and the stability of the complex. For example, a nickel electroplating solution was analyzed by diluting it with a water eluant solution. The analysis revealed the following ion concentrations. 

Carbonic acid, nickel(2+) salt (1 1) EINECS 222-068-2 HSDB 1662 Nickel carbonate Nickel carbonate (NiC03) Nickel monocarbonate Nickel(2+) carbonate (NiCOa) Nickel(ll) carbonate Nickelous carbonate. Chemical intermediate in manufacture of nickel oxide, nickel powder, and nickel catalysts. Used in vacuum tubes and transistor cans, as a catalyst to remove organic contaminants from wastewater or potable water in the preparation of colored glass, of nickel pigments, as a neutralizing compound in nickel electroplating solution, and in the preparation of many specialty... 

Cadmium, cobalt, copper, and nickel sulfamates react with lower aHphatic aldehydes. These stable compositions are suitable for use ia electroplating solutions for deposition of the respective metal (see Electroplating). 

Most nickel electroplating is carried out in solutions based oh the mixture of nickel sulphate, nickel chloride and boric acid proposed, by O. P., Watts . Typical composition and operating conditions are ... 

The determination of total sulfate in nickel-plating solutions using diso-dium-ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Electroplating and metal finishing 6, 41 (1953). 

Examples of electroplating, such as nickel plating. Use a nickel anode, a copper cathode and nickel sulfate solution as the electrolyte in a cell similar to that in Figure 5.20 (p. 84). 

Two electroplating solutions were used in our experiments the first one had 100 g/L of nickel sulfate, 10 g/L of nickel chloride, and no boric acid the pH value was 4. The second (Watts bath) had 330 g/L of nickel sulfate, 45 g/L of nickel chloride, and 38 g/L of boric acid the pH value was again 4. In each case, the solution was deaerated with bubbling nitrogen before the experiments and electrodeposition was performed, as in the previous cases, at ambient temperature without stirring. 

Reid HR (1985) Palladium-nickel electroplating. Effects of solution parameters on alloy properties. Platinum Met Rev 29 61-62... 

Nickel sulphate, 2.5% pet (electroplating solutions and hand tools)... 

Potential Applications. Potential applications for ELMs include 1) wastewater treatment 2) biochemical processing 3) extraction of rare earth metals from dilute solutions 4) removal of radioactive materials from nuclear waste streams and 5) recovery of nickel from electroplating solutions. 

Recovery of Nickel from Electroplating Solutions. Marr and Draxler (4) have given a typical ELM system for the recovery of nickel from wastewaters in the electroplating industry. Table XV shows the ELM system. Nickel can be reduced from 400-6000 mg/L down to 1 mg/L in the external feed phase with an extraction efficiency of at least 99.8%. Recently, Juang and Jiang 62) investigated the recovery of nickel from a simulated electroplating rinse solution. 

Table XV. ELM System for Nickel Recovery from Electroplating Solutions (4)...

In electroless deposition, the substrate, prepared in the same manner as in electroplating (qv), is immersed in a solution containing the desired film components (see Electroless plating). The solutions generally used contain soluble nickel salts, hypophosphite, and organic compounds, and plating occurs by a spontaneous reduction of the metal ions by the hypophosphite at the substrate surface, which is presumed to catalyze the oxidation—reduction reaction. 

Nickel [7440-02-0] Ni, recognized as an element as early as 1754 (1), was not isolated until 1820 (2). It was mined from arsenic sulfide mineral deposits (3) and first used in an alloy called German Silver (4). Soon after, nickel was used as an anode in solutions of nickel sulfate [7786-81 A] NiSO, and nickel chloride [7718-54-9] NiCl, to electroplate jewelry. Nickel carbonyl [13463-39-3] Ni(C02)4, was discovered in 1890 (see Carbonyls). This material, distilled as a hquid, decomposes into carbon monoxide and pure nickel powder, a method used in nickel refining (5) (see Nickel and nickel alloys). 

The ideal electroless solution deposits metal only on an immersed article, never as a film on the sides of the tank or as a fine powder. Room temperature electroless nickel baths closely approach this ideal electroless copper plating is beginning to approach this stabiHty when carefully controUed. Any metal that can be electroplated can theoretically also be deposited by electroless plating. Only a few metals, ie, nickel, copper, gold, palladium, and silver, are used on any significant commercial scale. 

Electroplated Metals and Alloys. The metals electroplated on a commercial scale from specially formulated aqueous solutions iaclude cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iadium, iron, lead, nickel, platinum-group metals, silver, tin, and ziac. Although it is possible to electroplate some metals, such as aluminum, from nonaqueous solutions as well as some from molten salt baths, these processes appear to have achieved Httie commercial significance. 

Nickel. Worldwide, nickel used in electroplating has averaged about 63,500 t annually from 1980—1990 (9). The United States uses about 18,000 t/yr, and Europe about the same quantity Japan consumes about 9,000 t, and another 9,000 t is used by the other Pacific rim countries. Canada and South America are reported to use about 4500 t aimuaHy. Electroforming apphcations consume another 4500 t of nickel worldwide. About half of this electroforming is done in the United States and Canada. Nickel deposited from autocatalytic solutions was estimated to account for 1600 t of nickel on a worldwide basis (10) in 1990. Nickel averaged 3.65/kg ia early 1993 (see Nickel and nickel alloys). 

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