Niacinamide, oxidation

The SP procedure of water-soluble vitamins from multivitamin tablets is particularly challenging due to the diverse analytes of varied hydrophobicities and pfC. Water-soluble vitamins (WSVs) include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine (vitamin B ), thiamine (vitamin Bj), folic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2) and others. While most WSVs are highly water soluble, riboflavin is quite hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Folic acid is acidic while pyridoxine and thiamine are basic. In addition, ascorbic acid is light sensitive and easily oxidized. The extraction strategy employed was a two-step approach using mixed solvents of different polarity and acidity as follows ... 

The determination of vitamins in pharmaceutical preparations continues to receive considerable attention. The voltammetric oxidation of vitamin A at a carbon paste electrode in the presence of vitamin E, a potential source of error in the assay, has been described [142,143]. Other assays involve the polaro-graphic determination of niacinamide [144-146], menadione (vitamin K3) [147], riboflavin (vitamin B2) [148], thiamine, riboflavin, and nicotinamide in multivitamin preparations [149], and multivitamins [150]. 

For production of niacinamide in the past, methylethylpyridine was oxidized with nitric acid to yield niacin, and P-picoline was treated with air and ammonia to produce the nitrile that was then hydrolyzed to niacinamide. A more modern process can produce both niacin and niacinamide from a single feedstock, either P-picoline or 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine by oxidative ammonolysis, a combination of oxidation and animation. 

Advantages cited in more recent reports with the ascorbate treatment include reduced curing time (480,483,485,487,488) better, more stable, and more uniform color (480,482,483,485,489-495), less nitrite required or lower nitrite levels (480,482,496-500), better flavor, and less rancidity. To emphasize the importance of the ascorbic acid application in lowering the residual nitrite levels in cured meat, the data of Brown et al. (497) may be examined (Table XVII). Other additives to accompany the ascorbic acid treatment of meat have been suggested. Boren-stein and Smith (501, 502) reported the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or its salt (preferably Fe) in combination with ascorbate and with nitrite or nitric oxide to accelerate the formation of cured meat color. Other additives (503-506) cited with ascorbic acid were cysteine (505), glutamate (504), histidine (500), niacin, niacinamide (504,505, 506), phosphates (503), and succinate (504). 

Since the human body produces neither nicotinic acid nor the amide, it is dependent on intake via foodstuffs. Although niacin is found in a bound form naturally in wheat, yeast and pork and beef liver, most niacin today is produced synthetically by chemical oxidation of alkyl pyridines. To demonstrate the economic significance of this, in 1995 worldwide a total of 22 000 metric tonnes of niacin and niacinamide were produced. Today between 35 000 and 40 000 tonnes are produced and the demand for nicotinates is rising. Thus, both economic and ecological factors play a significant role. 

Nicotinamide(niacinamide) adenine dinucleotide, NAD+, and the flavin mono- and di- nucleotides (FMN, FAD) exist in oxidized and reduced forms. This makes them invaluable cofactors in enzymatically catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions. 

Ingredients Calcium Carbonate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Magnesium Oxide, Ferrous Fumarate, Ascorbic Acid, Maltodextrin, Gelatin, dl-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Dicalcium Phosphate Less than 2% of Beta-Carotene, Biotin, Cholecalciferol, Croscarmellose Sodium, Cupric Oxide, Cyanocobalamin, D-Calcium Pantothenate, FD C Red 40 Dye, FD C Red 40 Lake, FD C Yellow 6 Lake, Folic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Niacinamide, Polyethylene Glycol, Polysorbate 80, Potassium Iodide, Pyridoxine Flydrochloride, Riboflavin, Silicon Dioxide, Soybean Oil, Starch, Stearic Acid, Thiamine Mononitrate, Titanium Dioxide (color), Vitamin A Acetate, Zinc Oxide... 

Calcium D-pantothenate Cholecalciferol Choline chloride Copper carbonate (ic) Cupric sulfate pentahydrate Ferrous fumarate Magnesium gluconate Magnesium sulfate anhydrous Manganese carbonate Manganese oxide (ous) Manganese sulfate (ous) Menadione DL-Methionine L-Methionine MSG Niacinamide D-Panthenol Potassium iodide Retinol Tocopherol D-a-Tocopherol DL-a-Tocopherol d-o-Tocopheryl acetate animal feed ingredient Casein Com (Zea mays) meal Lactose Sodium sulfate Whey animal feed supplement Ammonium acetate Ammonium perchlorate Calcium phosphate monobasic anhydrous Calcium pyrophosphate Cobalt phosphate (ous)... 

Acryiamide/sodium acryiate copoiymer Acrylic acid/acryiamide copoiymer Corn (Zea mays) meai Giucose isomerase Giyceryi behenate Heiium inositoi Niacinamide Nickei Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Retinoi Retinyi paimitate Ribofiavin-5 -phosphate sodium Sodium hypophosphite... 

Nickei carbonate, basic Nickel oxide (ous) nickei separation, from Co Dimethyi giyoxime nicotinamide source, multivitamins Niacinamide ascorbate nicotinic acid amide mfg. 

Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, nicotinic acid or vitamin PP, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin (Table 7.1). This vitamin is the generic descriptor for two vitamers niacin and niacinamide. In the research literature the terms nicotinic acid/nicotinamide are most commonly used, while in medical practice niacin/niadnamide are preferred. The vitamin is obtained from the diet in the form of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and tryptophan, which are transformed to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, NAD and NADP. These compounds participate in cellular oxidation-reduction reactions that are critical for energy production. NAD and NADP also participate in a wide variety of... 

Oxidation of MEP with nitric acid is another route for niacin manufacture, which is practiced mainly in Western Europe. Furthermore, Western European exports of niacin are also facing strong competition from the lower price offered by China and India. In Asia, China produces more than 20 thousand metric tons of niacinamide where Lonza Guangzhou Nansha Ltd. is the major producer of the countiy and is likely to expand further its production capacity soon. Vertellus has planned to expand the production in China and to construct a plant with a capacity of 10 thousand metric tons at Nantong site (China) to... 

Chem. Descrip. Soy protein cone., zinc oxide, niacinamide, ferrous suifate, copper giuconate, vitamin A paimitate, caicium pantothenate, thiamine mononitrate, pyri-doxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, and cyanocobalamin Chem. Analysis 6% max. moisture 20% total dietary fiber 290 calories/100 g CAS 68153-28-6 1314-13-2 98-92-0 7720-78-7 527-09-3 79-81-2 137-08-6 532-43-4 58-56-0 83-88-5 68-19-9 EINECS/ELINCS 232-720-8 215-222-5 202-713-4 231-753-5 208-408-2 201-228-5 205-278-9 208-537-4 200-386-2 201-507-1 200-680-0... 

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