Niacin manufacturing

This process has been running for the past 40 years in Lonza s plant in Visp Switzerland and is surprisingly selective. Continuous development and improvement of this process over the years have led to a high-quality product, and to Lonza s ability to maintain their position as the world leader in niacin manufacture. 

Oxidation of MEP with nitric acid is another route for niacin manufacture, which is practiced mainly in Western Europe. Furthermore, Western European exports of niacin are also facing strong competition from the lower price offered by China and India. In Asia, China produces more than 20 thousand metric tons of niacinamide where Lonza Guangzhou Nansha Ltd. is the major producer of the countiy and is likely to expand further its production capacity soon. Vertellus has planned to expand the production in China and to construct a plant with a capacity of 10 thousand metric tons at Nantong site (China) to... 

U.S. manufacturers of niacin and niacinamide include Nepera, Inc. and Reilly Industries, Inc. U.S. suppliers include BASF Corporation, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., and Rhc ne-Poulenc. Western European producers and suppHers include Degussa, Rhc ne-Poulenc, BASF, Hoffmann-La Roche, and Lon2a (71). In 1995, the prices for niacin and nicotinamide were 9.75/kg and 9.25/kg, respectively (72,73). 

In food technology, the addition to a foodstuff of various nutrient substances during manufacture to increase the dietary value of the food, e.g.. addition to wheat Hour of vitamins B. By. niacin, and iron. In (his way. the food is brought up to specific nutritional standard. 

The European Health Food Manufacturers Federation restricts over-the-counter supplements to 500 mg per day (Shrimpton, 1997). Where niacin is being used to treat clinically significant hyperlipidemia, and in trials for the prevention of type I diabetes mellitus, a tentative upper limit has been set at 3 g per day (Knip et al., 2000). 

Niacin benefits heart health when used at dosages significantly higher than when the vitamin is viewed in nutritional terms. It works its wonders in the liver, the principal site of cholesterol manufacture by the body. As such, niacin usage should be monitored by your physician. Regular tests will determine not only your cholesterol levels but also the health of your liver. Be sure to discuss this with your doctor. He or she will certainly be aware of just how well niacin works as your heart s best friend. If not, point your doctor to the references cited at the end of this book. 

Most of the electrons removed from fuels during energy metabolism are transferred via nicotinamide adenine dmucleotide (NAD). NAD collects electrons from many different energy fuels in reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes. These enzymes are dehydrogenases. Reduced NAD, in turn, shuttles the electrons to the respiratory chain. Flavin adenine dinudeohde (FAD) also acts as an electron shuttle. In each reaction involving NAD (or FAD), two electrons are transferred that is, two electrons are carried or shuttled. NAD and PAID are small molecules with molecular weights of 663 and 7S5 and a re manufactured in the body from the vitamins niacin and riboflavin, respectively. These molecules are called N.A.D. and F.A.D., not nad" o r "fad."... 

Use Preserving anatomical specimens manufacture of quinolinol sulfate niacin and copper-8-quinoli-nolate flavoring. 

The manufacturer does not recommend use of the fixed combination as initial therapy of primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. It is specifically Indicated in patients receiving lovastatin alone plus diet who require an additional reduction in triglyceride levels or increase in HDL cholesterol levels it is also Indicated In those treated with niacin alone who require additional decreases in LDL cholesterol. 

Elucidation of the structure of the B vitamins resxilted in the development of analytical chemical methods. Such methods are useful in industries manufacturing vitamins in which measurements of microgram to milligram quantities are routine, but these same methods are often not applicable to biological fiuids that contain as little as picogram quantities. Colorimetric and fluorometric techniques have been developed for niacin and folate, but these techniques require complicated extraction procedures and blank determinations. They also suflFer from lack of specificity, and the results are often altered by interference from biologically inactive materials that occur naturally or are produced during extraction (16,20). 

Lonza, a fine chemical manufacturer, has developed a biotechnological route, starting with 3-cyanopyridine to nicotinamide (also known as niacin or vitamin B3) (see Fig. 9.11). Conversions are based on enzymatic hydrolysis with nitrile hydratase from Rhodo-coccus bacteria or by bioconversion with living bacterial cells. The reactions are very specific, and the yields are quantitative. Novo-zyme has introduced an extremely thermostable lipase from the yeast Candida (Pseudozyma) antarctica (Novozyme 435), which is extremely suitable for carrying out specific esterifications in organic solvents. 

Cyanopyridine (used to derive the vitamin Niacin) is manufactured in a three-step process starting from a byproduct of the Nylon 6,6 manufacturing process. All the steps are heterogeneous catalytic reactions involving Ni, Zeolite, Pd, and an oxide catalyst. 

Losses in milk are very small (up to 5%). In the manufacture of cheeses, the majority of the niacin goes into the whey (the liquid... 

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