New England lakes

M. A. Soukup, The Limnology of a Eutrophic Hardwater New England Lake with Ma/or Emphasis on the Biogeochemisty of Dissolved Silica, No. 75-27-527, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1975. 

While an exact number of site clusters has not been proposed, the authors consider from approximately 3 to 10 clusters of sites to be appropriate. These clusters should represent different ecoregions with different ecological characteristics as well as different loadings (both in amount and source) of mercury deposition. Care should be taken to monitor different types of water bodies and watersheds (e.g., seepage lakes, drainage lakes, old reservoirs, rivers, and estuaries). Areas that should be considered as potential cluster site locations include lakes in northern New England/the Adirondacks, lakes in the upper Midwest, rivers and streams in the southeastern coastal plain, lakes in south-central and southeastern Canada, western... 

York and New England are devoid of fish due to the effects of acid rain. Indirect effects of the low pH values associated with acid rain also affect organisms. As noted in Table 13.1, one of the properties of an acid is the ability to dissolve certain metals. This has a profound effect on soil subjected to acid rain. Acid rain can mobilize metal ions such as aluminum, iron, and manganese in the basin surrounding a lake. This not only depletes the soil of these cations disrupting nutrient uptake in plants, but also introduces toxic metals into the aquatic system. 

NE New England MA Mid-Atlantic SG Southeast-Gulf TN Tennessee OH Ohio GL Great Lakes... 

Breeding occurs in western North America east to Great Lakes area Winters from Great Lakes and southern New England south to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Great Lakes Region. The section of the Canadian boundary between New England and the westerly shore of Lake Michigan to Chicago, and north of a line from Chicago via Pittsburgh to New York. 

By themselves, these data do not tell us much. For instance, number of claims in New England and New York states greatly exceed those in the southern states, and some Great Lakes states produced more claims than Arizona and Florida (the latter has only three claims in all), but may be there are much more decks installed in the North in the first place California has less crumbled decks than Connecticut, but maybe there are more decks in Connecticut to begin with ... 

It certainly attracts attention, as shown in Table 9.5 and Figure 9.7, that the Southern states such as Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona produced low rate of shrinkage, less than that in New England and the Atlantic states. A low rate of shrinkage in the Great Lakes area is understandable, but why is it higher than that in Florida and close to those in Texas and New Mexico ... 

Now, Table 15.29 clearly shows that the southern states produced many more warranty claims due to crumbling, compared with the Great Lakes states and New England states (besides state of New York). Can we say, based on data from Table 15.29, that crumbling in Arizona is five times faster than crumbling in the Great Lakes states ... 

Add rain is destroying life in streams and lakes. More than half the highland lakes in the western Adirondack Mountains have no native game fish. In addition to these 300 lakes, 140 lakes in Ontario have suffered a similar fate. It is estimated that 48,000 other lakes in Ontario and countless others in the northeastern and central United States are threatened. Our forests are endangered as well. The add rain decreases soil pH, which in turn alters the solubUity of minerals needed by plants. Studies have shown that about 40% of the red spruce and maple trees in New England have died. Increased addity of rainfall appears to be the major culprit. 

The slopes of the outwash surface along the shore of central Long Island Sound and of the nearby valley trains are listed in Table I. Also listed in the table for comparison are the slopes of the Fall Zone surface and of the New England upland surface. All these slopes will have been increased subsequent to deglaciation by tilting of the land surface due to viscous rebound after removal of the ice load. An estimate of this increase in slope can be made from the tilt of the shorelines of glacial Lake Hitchcock, which occupied much of the valley of the Connecticut River and was drained about 10,700 yr bp (Flint, 1956). We will assume that the regional tilt due to rebound since that time is the same as the 0.8 x 10 -rad tilt (Emerson, 1898 Jahns and Willard, 1942 Koteff, 1968) of the lake shorelines. Hence, the present slopes would have to be reduced by 0.8 x... 

Surface waters that originate in basins where the major rocks are granite contain very small amounts of dissolved minerals, not more than approximately 30 mg/liter. These are an important group of waters for example, the water supplies of New York City (from the Catskill Mountains), San Francisco and Oakland (from the Sierra Nevada Mountains), Seattle (from the Cascade Mountains), and many rivers and lakes in New England are of this type. They are illustrated by Type A, in Table 1-4,... 

Now let us inhabit the earth with plants and animals. Their activities are important in altering the composition of natural waters at all stages of the hydrologic cycle. We have already seen that man s industrial activities can increase the acidity of the atmosphere and the water that comes in contact with it through precipitation. This increased activity can dissolve more minerals than would be possible with precipitation from unpolluted air. It has resulted in depressed pH values and increased mineral contents in the poorly buffered lakes in the Scandinavian countries (polluted air from the industrial areas of northern Europe drifts north to Scandinavia) and in New England and Eastern Canada (polluted air from industrial sections of the United States drifts into New England and Canada). 

Figure 6.5. Concentrations of nitrate in small streams and lakes in forested catchments in northern New England in the spring (right) and summer (left) as a function of NOy deposition onto the landscape. Note the non-linear response, with nitrate concentrations tending to increase as deposition exceeds 6 to 8 kg N per hectare per year (600 to 800 kg N km yr ). The arrows indicate the average deposition rates for oxidized nitrogen compounds (NOy) estimated for the northeastern United States in Boyer et al. (2002) and Howarth et al. (1996). Modified from Aber et al. (2003)...

Davis, R. B. S. A. Norton, 1978. Paleohmnologic studies of human impact on lakes in the United States, with emphasis on recent research in New England. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 25 99-115. 

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