Neural controller

Sweating, the other powerful heat loss mechanism actively regulated by the thermoregulatory center, is most developed in humans. With about 2,6 million sweat glands distributed over the skin and neurally controlled, sweat secretion can vary from 0 to 1 I7(h m ). The other, lesser, passive evaporative process of the skin is from the diffusion of water. The primary resistance to this flow is the stratum corneum or outermost 15 pm of the skin. The diffusion resistance of the skin is high in comparison to that of clothing and the boundary layer resistance and as a result makes water loss by diffusion fairly stable at about 500 grams/day. 

Diverticular disease 3. Increased AEA levels in colon strips from patients with diverticular disease participate in alterations of neural control of colon motility 3. None tested... 

Smooth muscle cell activity is in general under neural control. Thus, the many transmitters of the autonomic nervous system are paired with receptors on the smooth muscle cell membrane. One of the current questions about smooth muscle function is What intracellular processes are the different transmitters modulating in the smooth muscle cells, in addition to their effects on the contractile state ... 

Bigland-Ritchie, B. Woods, J.J. (1984). Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue. Muscle Nerve 7. 691-699. 

Male rats given a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg of endosulfan had myocardial hemorrhages (Terziev et al. 1974). It is not clear whether this effect was due to a direct effect of endosulfan on the heart or secondary to other toxicity such as damage occurring in response to effects of endosulfan on neural control of the heart. 

Hesse, I.F.A. and Johns, E.J. (1984). The subtype of a-adrcnoceptor involved in the neural control of renal tubular sodium reabsorption in the rabbit. J. Physiol. 328, 527-538. 

Kendrick K.M., DaCosta A., Broad K.D., Ohkura S., et al. (1997). Neural control of maternal behaviour and olfactory recognition of offspring. Brain Res Bull 44, 383-395. 

Moore, R. Y. (1996). Neural control of the pineal gland. Ilehav. Brain Res. 73, 125-30. 

FIG. 5. Ca2+ sparks drive electrical activity in myocytes. In contrast to the traditional concept of electrical activity deriving from descending neural control via postsynaptic responses, spontaneous Ca2+ release results in electrical activity in smooth muscle. The figure shows a Ca2+ spark activating sarcolemmal Ca2+-activated Cl- channels and spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs) (current trace above). Whether Ca2+ sparks activate outward STOCs (Ca2+-activated K+ currents) or STICs will depend on the proportion of channels expressed and the resting potential of the myocyte. 

Clinically important drugs (with the exception of dantrolene) all interfere with neural control of the muscle cell(A,B, p. 183ff)... 

The primary neural control of total peripheral resistance is through sympathetic nerves. The diameter of blood vessels is controlled by the tonic activity of noradrenergic neurons. There is a continuous outflow of noradrenergic impulses to the vascular smooth muscle, and therefore some degree of constant vascular constriction is maintained. An increase in impulse outflow causes further contraction of the smooth muscle, resulting in greater vasoconstriction. A decrease in impulse outflow permits the smooth muscle to relax, leading to vasodilation. 

The injection of a vasoconstrictor, which causes an increase in mean arterial blood pressure, results in activation of the baroreceptors and increased neural input to the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata. The reflex compensation for the drug-induced hypertension includes an increase in parasympathetic nerve activity and a decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. This combined alteration in neural firing reduces cardiac rate and force and the tone of vascular smooth muscle. As a consequence of the altered neural control of both the heart and the blood vessels, the rise in blood pressure induced by the drug is opposed and blunted. 

Several drugs that interfere with the sympathetic nervous system inhibit the secretion of renin. Examples are clonidine and propranolol. Clonidine inhibits renin secretion by causing a centrally mediated reduction in renal sympathetic nerve activity, and it may also exert a direct intrarenal action. Propranolol and other 13-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs act by blocking the intrarenal and extrarenal 3 receptors involved in the neural control of renin secretion. 

Wade PR Aging and neural control of the GI tract. I. Age-related changes in the enteric nervous system. Am 3 Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002 283 G489. 

Neural control of the activity of phosphorylase kinase. The electrical stimulation of muscle is mediated by the release of Ca2+ ions. These ions also... 

Kaliner MA, Borson DB, Nadel JA, Shelhamer JH, Patow CA, Marom Z (1988) In Kaliner M A, Barnes PJ (eds) The airways. Neural control in health and disease. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 575... 

Hormone synthesis and release can be initiated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors.2 Extrinsic factors include various environmental stimuli such as pain, temperature, light, and smell. Intrinsic stimuli include various humoral and neural factors. For instance, release of a hormone can be initiated by other hormones. These occurrences are particularly typical of the anterior pituitary hormones, which are controlled by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. Hormonal release can be influenced by neural input a primary example is the sympathetic neural control of epinephrine and norepinephrine release from the adrenal medulla. Other intrinsic factors that affect hormone release are the levels of ions and metabolites within the body. For instance, parathyroid hormone release is governed directly by the calcium concentration in the bloodstream, and the release of... 

The Airways Neural Control in Health and Disease, edited by M. A. Kaliner and P. J. Barnes... 

Orr, W.C. and Chen, C.L., Aging and neural control of the GI tract IV. Clinical and physiological aspects of gastrointestinal motility and aging, Am J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol., 283, G1226, 2002. 

P. americana (Persoons et al., 1979 Still, 1979), and only one additional female volatile sex pheromone has been identified outside the Periplaneta group, in S. longipalpa (Charlton et al., 1993 Leal et al., 1995). Obviously, more cockroach sex pheromones need to be identified to provide material for comparative studies on biosynthetic pathways and their endocrine and neural control. It would be of particular interest to identify sex pheromones of solitary, nocturnal cockroach species that do not associate with humans. They are most likely to communicate with volatile sex pheromones over longer distances. Indeed, field studies have shown that calling occurs in a variety of tropical species representing two of the largest cockroach families, Blattellidae and Blaberidae (Schal and Bell, 1985). 

Neural Control of Salivary S-IgA Secretion Gordon B. Proctor and Guy H. Carpenter... 

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