Network infrastructure

Studies have shown that a pipeline network infrastructure is the most cost-effective and energy-efficient method to transport hydrogen in large quantities over long distance—as... 

Economical analysis has shown that a pipeline network infrastructure is the most cost-effective and energy-efficient method to transport hydrogen in large quantities from the point of production to the point of use over a long distance. A complete hydrogen pipeline infrastructure will include both transmission and distribution to minimize the overall hydrogen transport cost. 

Proper functioning and performance of equipment and computer systems play a major role in obtaining consistency, reliability, and accuracy of analytical data. Therefore, equipment qualification (EQ) and computer system validation (CSV) should be part of any good analytical practice. It is also requested by FDA regulations through the overall requirement that equipment must be suitable for its intended use. While in the past, equipment qualification and computer validation focused on equipment hardware and stand-alone computer systems, recently the focus has been on network infrastructure, networked systems, and on the security, authenticity, and integrity of data acquired and evaluated by computer systems. 

Huber has published primers with detailed information on the validation of macros and spreadsheet applications [11] and on the qualification of network infrastructure and the validation of networked systems [12]. 

Qualification of network infrastructure and validation of networked systems. 

Qualification of Network Infrastructure and Validation of Networked Systems... 

Is this networked CRS tying into an existing network infrastructure or does it include its own network ... 

Computer network infrastructure (e.g., servers, networks, clients)... 

Since the start of the new millennium, regulatory authorities have returned to conducting more comprehensive examinations of computer systems. The most significant inspections are typically focused in MRP II or TIMS network applications and include supporting computer network infrastructure. Recent inspections at Eli Lilly, Argus Pharmaceuticals, and Solvay have all taken this approach. The expectations on networks are basic but have often been unsatisfied ... 

The rigor of validation for computer systems supporting these critical operational aspects of the processes should take account of their composite custom (bespoke) software, COTS software, and supporting computer network infrastructure. The risk map and supporting rationales will form the basis of Validation (Master) Plans that are discussed in more detail later in this book. 

These principles apply to computer systems that can affect the quality of drug and healthcare products. Such computer systems include laboratory systems, process control systems, spreadsheet and database apphcations, business systems, and associated computer network infrastructure. 

Computer network infrastructure should be qualified in support of validated applications. Bristol Meyer Squibb have adopted a three-level model to assist the quahfication of their computer network infrastrucmre. This approach is summarized in Table 14.3. Layer 1 comprises computers that provide shared resources such as servers, hosts, mainframes, and mini computers. Layer 2 is the network infrastrucmre (e g., hubs, routers, and switches). Layer 3 comprises the user desktop environment (i.e., workstations, personal computers, and laptops). 

A final summary report should be prepared for the computer network infrastructure to summarize the results of the qualification exercise. A case study on computer network architecture is provided in the second part of this book. 

Williams, Y. and Torres, J. (2002), Documentation of Infrastructure Qualification and System Validation, IVT Conference on Network Infrastructure Qualification Systems Validation, Philadelphia, October 8 and 9. 

Computer Network Infrastructure IT Infrastructure Best Practice Rule of Thumb 20% Perez Fiorito ... 

Verify correct installation of network infrastructure and record as initial configuration... 

IPCs rely heavily on the security provided by the supporting computer network infrastructure and need to comply with the regulations. EirewaUs, daily virus updates, and operating system upgrades in response to security notification from vendors are typical methods of responding to security needs. 

Set-up of the various system environments must be managed. Documentation must be developed to describe the hardware platform and installed software, including any network infrastructure. Hardware architecture design documentation should be prepared. A diagram should be included to illustrate the geographic distribution of any client-server hardware. Client-server software also needs to be defined. Clients are often referred to as either thick or thin, depending on whether they require substantial or minimal application-related software. Client-server software can be considered to consist of ... 

An overall Validation Master Plan (VMP) for a marketing and supply application should be established. It is essential that the plan extends to encompass all of the components of application including hardware network, infrastructure, interfaces, and other systems that are necessary for its successful and continued operation. 

Network infrastructure is rarely implemented from scratch as a project. Normally, it evolves as actual and predicted needs require. For all but the smallest enterprises, a methodical phased plaiming approach must be adopted. Risk assessment should be used to identify components of the... 

The ISO/OSI reference model defines network infrastructure in terms of seven discreet layers, each describing a certain logical fimction in the transfer of data in a network. Not all of these seven layers need necessarily be present in any given network. The layers are described in Table 37.1. 

Relatively low data transfer rates of some Kbyte/s reduce the usefulness of CORBA. Even if concrete values depend on server and network infrastructure, the general conclusion is that CORBA should not be used for transmission of continuous data streams like e.g. video or audio. 

The extent of the problem is greater than it is recorded in statistics. Not all cases of salmonellosis are reported and registered, even in countries with a developed network infrastructure of epidemiological surveillance. It is estimated that only 10-20% of Salmonellosis cases are reported. 

The architecture for a holistic healthcare system will need to ensure exchanges of emails in a secure and reliable manner. With email, protection of personal privacy and also nonrepudiation (a mechanism that prevents an individual from denying involvement in an activity, whether it is a commercial or legal transaction) and security audit are still critical issues. In addition the network infrastructure will need to provide sufficient bandwidth for an exchange of large volumes of data such as medical images. 

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