Hypotheses and Tests

When a geographic pattern of occurrence has been identified (13) and annual (Figure 8) and year-to-year fluctuations analyzed (Figure 9), cause/effect relationships can be hypothesized and tested. For example, in the Gulf of Maine, red tides appear to arise in one of four ways which are listed in order of impact ... 

This is a decisive statement telling us that there is much more to science than merely setting up hypotheses and testing them. Creating theories is the crucial step from which hypotheses and then tests can emerge. To various extents, all chapters in this book give preponderance to theory, and then go on to consider hypotheses and facts. The editors are therefore proud to have... 

Basic biomedical scientists—chemists, biologists, biochemists, and many others—study health-related problems that may not, at the outset, have a clear connection to a specific disease. Drafting hypotheses and testing them, over and over again, is a lot of hard work. Many experiments fail in the sense that the scientist s hunch turns out to be wrong. 

The development of applications often leads to another round oft hypothesizing and testing in order to refine the applications. There was some initial success with L-dopa. It caused remission of Parkinson s disease in about one-third of the patients treated and improvements in one-third of the others, but there were also problematic side effects, including nausea, gastrointestinal distress, reduced blood pressure, delusions, and mental disturbance. The drug s effects on blood pressure seem to be caused by the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine outside the brain. For this reason, L-dopa is now given with levocarbidopa, which inhibits that process. 

I. observation, data, hypothesis, research (or experimentation), research, published, applications, hypothesizing and testing 3. meter, m... 

To understand the reason for those differences, raising hypotheses and testing them in a way as to try to conceive a theoretical model capable of justifying the results. 

Functional insights based on structural relationships can only rise to the level of hypotheses, and these hypotheses must be tested by direct functional experiments. 

The pursuit of operations research consists of (a) the judgment phase (what are the problems ), (b) the research phase (how to solve these problems), and (c) the decision phase (how to act on the finding and eliminate the problems). These phases require the evaluation of objectives, analysis of an operation and the collection of evidence and resources to be committed to the study, the (mathematical) formulation of problems, the construction of theoretical models and selection of measures of effectiveness to test the models in practice, the making and testing of hypotheses as to how well a model represents the problem, prediction, refinement of the model, and the interpretation of results (usually as possible alternatives) with their respective values (payoff). The decision-maker generally combines the findings of the... 

In particular, it offered to reservoir limnologists a useful and convenient explanatory framework within which new observations and test hypotheses can be placed. Like any generalization, Kimmel s zonation has its drawbacks (e.g., only canyon-shaped, single inflow reservoirs are prone to follow expectations). It has, however, motivated much of the subsequent research on biological heterogeneity in reservoirs, in conjunction with the theoretical ideas advanced by Straskraba et al. 

Chemistry is the science of matter, its properties, and changes. In your classroom work in chemistry, you will learn a great deal of the information that has been gathered by scientists about matter. But, chemistry is not just information. It is also a process for finding out more about matter and its changes. Laboratory activities are the primary means that chemists use to learn more about matter. The activities in the Laboratory Manual require that you form and test hypotheses, measure and record data and observations, analyze those data, and draw conclusions based on those data and your knowledge of chemistry. These processes are the same as those used by professional chemists and all other scientists. 

Differential methods based on differentiation of experimental concentration versus time data in order to obtain the actual rate of reaction. In these approaches one analyzes the data by postulating various functional relations between the rate of reaction and the concentrations of the various species in the reaction mixture and tests these hypotheses using appropriate plots. 

The major drawback of this method is that Bonferroni s Inequality is a conservative correction, especially if some of the hypotheses being tested are not independent. When many SNPs in the same gene are evaluated, for example, and are in LD with each other, the Boneferroni correction would not be appropriate, resulting in the possibility of false negatives or failure to detect a true association. A better approach would be to test the true level of significance directly through simulations. 

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