Natural liquefied

Under the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 nonpetroleum-based transportation fuels are to be introduced in the United States. Such fuels include natural gas (see Gas, natural), liquefied petroleum gas (qv) (LPG), methanol (qv), ethanol (qv), and hydrogen (qv), although hydrogen fuels are not expected to be a factor until after the year 2000 (see also Alcohol FUELS Hydrogen energy). 

For the above reasons, gas Is typically economic to develop only if it can be used locally, i.e. if a local demand exists. The exception to this is where a sufficient quantity of gas exists to provide the economy of scale to make transportation of gas or liquefied gas attractive. As a guide, approximately 10 Tcf of recoverable gas would be required to justify building a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant. Globally there are few such plants, but an example would be the LNG plant in Malaysia which liquefies gas and transports it by refrigerated tanker to Japan. The investment capital required for an LNG plant Is very large typically in the order of 10 billion. 

Sales gas, which is typically made up of methane (CH ) and small amounts of ethane (C2Hg), can be exported by refrigerated tanker rather than by pipeline and has to be compressed by a factor of 600 (and cooled to -150°C). This is then termed Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). 

Carbon dioxide (COj) will solidify at the temperatures required to liquefy natural gas, and high quantities can make the gas unsuitable tor distribution. Removal is usually achieved in contacting towers. 

Q-C, Natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas... 

CNG, compressed natural gas, and LPG, liquefied petroleum gas, are also used as alternative fuels. 

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) natural gas that has been Hquefied by reducing its temperature to 111 K at atmospheric pressure. It remains a Hquid at 191 K and 4.64 MPa (673 psig). 

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) also plays a large role in both the transportation and storage of natural gas. At a pressure of 101.3 kPa (1 atm), methane can be Hquefted by reducing the temperature to about — 161°C. When in the Hquid form, methane occupies approximately 1/600 of the space occupied by gaseous methane at normal temperature and pressure. In spite of the very low temperature of the Hquid, LNG offers advantages for both shipping and storing natural gas. 

Relatively new methods for separating helium from natural gas use pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes to recover helium at better than 99.99% purity. This type of process is probably less costiy for the production of gaseous helium but might be uneconomical for liquefied helium production. The PSA process is widely used to produce specification pure helium from 85+% cmde helium in conjunction with cryogenic enrichment of the ca 50% helium raffinate. 

In 1987 nonmotor fuel uses of butanes represented ca 16% of the total consumption. Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of butane and propane, typically in a ratio of 60 40 butane—propane however, the butane content can vary from 100 to 50% and less (see Liquefied petroleum gas). LPG is consumed as fuel in engines and in home, commercial, and industrial appHcations. Increasing amounts of LPG and butanes are used as feedstocks for substitute natural gas (SNG) plants (see Fuels, synthetic). / -Butane, propane, and isobutane are used alone or in mixture as hydrocarbon propellents in aerosols (qv). 

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a subcategory of a versatile class of petroleum products known as natural gas liquids (NGLs) that are produced along with and extracted from natural gas (see Gas, natural). LPG is also produced from the refining of cmde oil (see Petroleum). Although LPG is... 

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plants can be categorized as peakshaving or baseload. Peakshaving LNG plants are built at the consumer end of natural gas pipelines to accumulate LNG in storage tanks for later vaporization and sendout into the local grid during periods of peak demand. Baseload LNG plants provide a steady base supply of natural gas to utiHty companies, generally by transportation of LNG by ship from one country to another. 

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the subject of API Standard 2510, The Design and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations at Marine and Pipehne Terminals, Natural Gas Processing Plants, Refineries, and Tank Farms. This standard in turn refers to ... 

NFPA Standard 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handhng of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)... 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas The term liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is applied to certain specific hydrocarbons which can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal temperatures but are gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions. The chief constituents of LPG are propane, propylene, butane, butylene, and isobutane. LPG produced in the separation of heavier hydrocarbons from natural gas is mainly of the paraffinic (saturated) series. LPG derived from oil-refinery gas may contain varying low amounts of olefinic (unsaturated) hydrocamons. 

The approach developed will be used for working up of a new generation of the corresponding standai ds. The same approach may be also adapted for analysis of some other products of gas industry, such as liquefied gases, natural gas, etc. 

NFPA 57 Standard for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Fuel Systems. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Fuel modification in terms of volatility, hydrocarbon types, or additive content. Some of the fuels currently being used are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), fuels with alcohol additives, and unleaded gasoline. The supply of some of these fuels is very limited. Other fuel problems involving storage, distribution, and power requirements have to be considered. 

Liquefied natural gas is predominantly methane. The eryogenie properties of methane are ... 

Propane has a eharaeteristie natural gas odour and is basieally insoluble in water. It is a simple asphyxiant but at high eoneentrations has an anaesthetie effeet. The TLV is 2500 ppm. It is usually shipped in low-pressure eylinders as liquefied gas under its own vapour pressure of ea 109 psig at 21°C. Its pressure/temperature profile is given in Figure 9.7. 

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