Natural gas manufacturers

Natural Gas, Manufactured Gas Liquefied Gas Analysis Part I — Background. Atlantic Analytical Laboratory, Inc., http //www.test-lab.com/gasone.htm... 

Uses Odorant for natural gas manufacturing of plastics, antioxidants, pesticides adhesive stabilizer chemical intermediate. 

Use Organic synthesis, especially of choline salts, warning agent for natural gas, manufacture of disinfectants, flotation agent, insect attractant, quaternary ammonium compounds, plastics. 

Fuel gas — Gas used for heating, such as natural gas, manufactured gas, undiluted liquefied petroleum gas (vapor phase only), liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures, or mixtures of these gases. 

W. L. Lomand and A. F. Williams, Substitute Natural Gas Manufacture and Properties, Wiley, New York, 1976. 

It is interesting to note that the word gas as used in ANSI/ASME B31.8 has a different meaning than that normally used. The ANSI/ASME B31.8 code was originally written to deal with the transmission of gases suitable for use as domestic or industrial fuel (such as natural gas, manufactured gas, and liquefied petroleum gas). This is a more restrictive definition than that used in this handbook. As a practical matter, however, common usage has extended the use of applicable portions of ANSI/ASME B31.8 to other gases such as the atmospheric gas group. 

The original method for the manufacture of ethyne, the action of water on calcium carbide, is still of very great importance, but newer methods include the pyrolysis of the lower paraffins in the presence of steam, the partial oxidation of natural gas (methane) and the cracking of hydrocarbons in an electric arc. 

Alkanolamines with at least one NCH2CHOHCH,i grouping. Important materials include monoisopropanolamine NHX H CHOHCH, b.p. 159 C di-iso-propanolamine NH(CH CHOHCH b.p. 248 C triisopropanolamine NtCH -CHOHCHi). , b.p. 300 C. Manufactured from ammonia and propylene oxide. U ed, is weedkillers, as stabilizers for plastics, in detergents, alkanolaniine soaps for sweetening natural gas and in synthesis. 

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

Outline one method for the manufacture of hydrogen from either crude oil or natural gas. State two important uses of hydrogen. Give explanations and illustrate reactions for the following statements ... 

Although the rapid cost increases and shortages of petroleum-based feedstocks forecast a decade ago have yet to materialize, shift to natural gas or coal may become necessary in the new century. Under such conditions, it is possible that acrylate manufacture via acetylene, as described above, could again become attractive. It appears that condensation of formaldehyde with acetic acid might be preferred. A coal gasification complex readily provides all of the necessary intermediates for manufacture of acrylates (92). 

About 85% of U.S. adipic acid production is used captively by the producer, almost totally ia the manufacture of nylon-6,6 (194). The remaining 15% is sold ia the merchant market for a large number of appHcations. These have been developed as a result of the large scale availabihty of this synthetic petrochemical commodity. Prices for 1960—1989 for standard resia-grade material have parahed raw material and energy costs (petroleum and natural gas)... 

Sources of human exposure to formaldehyde are engine exhaust, tobacco smoke, natural gas, fossil fuels, waste incineration, and oil refineries (129). It is found as a natural component in fmits, vegetables, meats, and fish and is a normal body metaboHte (130,131). FaciUties that manufacture or consume formaldehyde must control workers exposure in accordance with the following workplace exposure limits in ppm action level, 0.5 TWA, 0.75 STEL, 2 (132). In other environments such as residences, offices, and schools, levels may reach 0.1 ppm HCHO due to use of particle board and urea—formaldehyde foam insulation in constmction. 

The first gas producer making low heat-value gas was built in 1832. (The product was a combustible carbon monoxide—hydrogen mixture containing ca 50 vol % nitrogen). The open-hearth or Siemens-Martin process, built in 1861 for pig iron refining, increased low heat-value gas use (see Iron). The use of producer gas as a fuel for heating furnaces continued to increase until the turn of the century when natural gas began to supplant manufactured fuel gas (see Furnaces, fuel-fired). 

Partial Oxidation. It is often desirable to augment the supply of naturally occurring or by-product gaseous fuels or to produce gaseous fuels of well-defined composition and combustion characteristics (5). This is particularly tme in areas where the refinery fuel (natural gas) is in poor supply and/or where the manufacture of fuel gases, originally from coal and more recently from petroleum, has become well estabHshed. 

Natural gas Hquids represent a significant source of feedstocks for the production of important chemical building blocks that form the basis for many commercial and iadustrial products. Ethyleae (qv) is produced by steam-crackiag the ethane and propane fractions obtained from natural gas, and the butane fraction can be catalyticaHy dehydrogenated to yield 1,3-butadiene, a compound used ia the preparatioa of many polymers (see Butadiene). The / -butane fractioa can also be used as a feedstock ia the manufacture of MTBE. 

Aliphatic Chemicals. The primary aliphatic hydrocarbons used in chemical manufacture are ethylene (qv), propjiene (qv), butadiene (qv), acetylene, and / -paraffins (see Hydrocarbons, acetylene). In order to be useflil as an intermediate, a hydrocarbon must have some reactivity. In practice, this means that those paraffins lighter than hexane have Httle use as intermediates. Table 5 gives 1991 production and sales from petroleum and natural gas. Information on uses of the C —C saturated hydrocarbons are available in the Hterature (see Hydrocarbons, C —C ). 

Cyclic Hydrocarbons. The cyclic hydrocarbon intermediates are derived principally from petroleum and natural gas, though small amounts are derived from coal. Most cycHc intermediates are used in the manufacture of more advanced synthetic organic chemicals and finished products such as dyes, medicinal chemicals, elastomers, pesticides, and plastics and resins. Table 6 details the production and sales of cycHc intermediates in 1991. Benzene (qv) is the largest volume aromatic compound used in the chemical industry. It is extracted from catalytic reformates in refineries, and is produced by the dealkylation of toluene (qv) (see also BTX Processing). 

Polymers. Hydrocarbons from petroleum and natural gas serve as the raw material for virtually all polymeric materials commonly found in commerce, with the notable exception of rayon which is derived from cellulose extracted from wood pulp. Even with rayon, however, the cellulose is treated with acetic acid (qv), much of which is manufactured from ethylene (see Fibers, regenerated cellulosics). 

---