Natural division

Newman, William Royall. "Alchemical and Baconian views on the art/nature division." In Reading the book of nature The other side of the Scientific Revolution, eds. Allen George Debus and Michael T. Walton, 61-90. Kirksville (MO) Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1998. 

The natural division of an activation energy into two components by the force minimum can provide useful insight into the activation process. The activation... 

Indeed, between the mid-1920s and the end of World War II, Caucasian as a natural division of humanity became part of a popular national catechism. Scientists apply the term race only to the broadest subdivisions of mankind, Negro, Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, and Australian, explained a 1939 handbook for high school teachers, all... 

Most systems have more than one response. The wine-making process introduced in Section 1.1 is an example. Percent alcohol and bouquet are two responses, but there are many additional responses associated with this system. Examples are the amount of carbon dioxide evolved, the extent of foaming, the heat produced during fermentation, the turbidity of the new wine, and the concentration of ketones in the final product. Just as factors can be classified into many dichotomous sets, so too can responses. One natural division is into important responses and unimportant responses, although the classification is not always straightforward. 

Patients were most satisfied with doctors who recommended a combination of psychotherapy and drug treatment and considered this to be a natural division of labor between professionals. Although most of the people I interviewed expressed dissatisfaction with doctors who were exclusively pill oriented, others described the deep and mutual trust that can develop with psychopharmacologists ... 

Plan of this book. It will be evident from the foregoing survey of the principal applications of crystallographic methods to chemical problems that these applications fall into two classes firstly, the use of crystal properties for the purpose of identifying substances secondly, the elucidation of the internal structure of crystals by interpretation of their properties. This natural division determines the plan of this book, which is in two main parts, on identification and internal structure respectively. 

The use of dyes is so large and the literature of dye chemistry is so correspondingly large that numerous efforts have been made to classify dyes in a systematic manner. The basic problem is of course the immense variety available in the realm of organic chemistry. Most organic molecules of even nominal molecular weight can be analyzed from multiple points of view—and even named based on these points of view. There was a natural division between natural and man-made dyes but it is now only of historical significance. 

A genuine history is not offered here, but some historical perspective is required to appreciate what has been achieved. We suggest a natural division of that history into three periods (a) a pioneering era prior to 1957 (the year that molecular simulation methods changed the field [Wood, 1986 Ciccotti etal., 1987 Wood, 1996]), (b) the decade or so after 1957 when the theory of serious prototype liquid models achieved an impressive maturity, and (c) the present era including the past three decades, approximately. 

The second precondition for dissolution was an exact ratio of gravitation or equiponderance between the parts of dissolved bodies (solute) and those of the dissolving liquid (solvent). Guyton believed that this ratio, which is itself the principle of natural division, produces 8c... 

Dynamic simulations represent the temporal and the spatial behavior of a chemical process unit in the presence of perturbations or at process startup. There is a natural division in the types of numerical methods used to solve the equations describing the dynamic behavior of the process. In lumped parameter descriptions of the process units, the resulting equations are ordinary time evolution differential equations, whereas for distributed parameter descriptions of process units the resulting equations are parabolic partial differential equations. The numerical methods used to solve these equations are very different and necessitate a separate discussion. Numerical methods used to solve ordinary differential equations describing the dynamics are considered first followed by a discussion of the methods employed to solve evolution equations of the parabolic type. 

Identification of inherent structures leads to a natural division of the multidimensional configuration space into nonoverlapping regions, one for each inherent structure, that cover the entire space. The most direct way to accomplish this is to use steepest descent mapping, defined by solutions to the equation set... 

The filling of the table described above leads to a natural division of the periodic table into blocks according to the outer electron configurations of atoms (see Fig. 2). Elements of the s block all have... 

An exception is the recent article by Margaret G. Cook, Divine Artifice and Natural Mechanism Robert Boyle s Mechanical Philosophy ofNature, Osiris, 2d ser., 16(2001), 133-150. See also William R. Newman, Alchemical and Baconian Views on the Art/Nature Division, in Reading the Book ofNature, ed. Debus and Walton, 81-90. 

Newman, William R. Alchemical and Baconian Views on the Art/Nature Division, in Allen G. Debus and Michael T. Walton, eds., Reading the Book of Nature The Other Side ofthe Scientific Revolution (Kirksville, MO Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1998), pp. 81-90. 

The possibility that plants might posses a hormone that controls cell division had been considered since the start of the century, and some evidence for such a hormone had been obtained from phloem exudate and from autoclaved coconut milk [15]. Then in 1955 Miller and Skoog [16] identified the first division-inducing factor, kinetin, from autoclaved DNA. Kinetin is not a natural compound, but natural division-inducing substances were isolated from plants and identified shortly thereafter [15]. These compounds are now known as cytokinins (CK). 

The breathing places and pauses help you identify the natural divisions in a sentences. They are taken at the at the end of a sentence, at the beginning and end of a clause, and sometimes just before the verb. Listen to the words that the speaker emphasizes. 

Due to the atomic strucmre of matter, there is a natural division into atoms, or rather, the constantly repeating groups of atoms described in the chemical formula. It is therefore obvious to have the unit be such an elementary entity, such a particle. The amount of substance corresponds to anumberof units (like 24 apples or 120 cars). However, in macroscopic systems, the numbers of particles are very high and this can be problematic. For instance, 10 g of water crmtains about 10 particles. Therefore, a more suitable unit must be found that is comparable to the everyday dozen (12 units) or score (20 units). In chemistry, the measure of amount called mole (derived from the Latin word moles meaning huge mass ) has been determined as follows ... 

The year 1935 forms a natural division in the history of chemotherapy because of Domagk s discovery of the chemotherapeutic properties of Trontosif, the first of the anti-bacterial sulfonamides. This discovery refuted a prejudice that chemotherapy applied mainly to protozoal diseases, and it opened a new era in medical and surgical treatment. Woods (1940) then discovered that sulfonamides blocked the use by bacteria of one of their essential constituents (/ -aminobenzoic acid). This was in accord with Ehrlich s postulate that drugs... 

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