Unimportant responses

Most systems have more than one response. The wine-making process introduced in Section 1.1 is an example. Percent alcohol and bouquet are two responses, but there are many additional responses associated with this system. Examples are the amount of carbon dioxide evolved, the extent of foaming, the heat produced during fermentation, the turbidity of the new wine, and the concentration of ketones in the final product. Just as factors can be classified into many dichotomous sets, so too can responses. One natural division is into important responses and unimportant responses, although the classification is not always straightforward. 

As Table 1.2 shows, it is desirable to know as many of the important responses from a system as possible. If all of the responses from a system are known, then the important ones can be correctly assessed according to any set of external criteria (see the section on important and unimportant responses). In addition, because most decision-making is based on the responses from a system, bad decisions will not be made because of incomplete information if all of the responses are known. 

The criteria for classifying responses as important or unimportant are seldom based solely upon the system itself, but rather are usually based upon elements external to the system. For example, in the wine-making process, is percent alcohol an important or unimportant response To a down-and-outer on skid row, alcohol content could well be a very important response any flavor would probably be... 

Unimportant response Unnecessary data acquired (but available if response becomes important later) Desirable for research and development... 

The linear and nonlinear optical responses for this problem are defined by e, 2, e and respectively, as indicated in figure Bl.5.5. In order to detemiine the nonlinear radiation, we need to introduce appropriate pump radiation fields E(m ) and (co2)- If these pump beams are well-collimated, they will give rise to well-collimated radiation emitted tlirough the surface nonlmear response. Because the nonlinear response is present only in a thin layer, phase matching [37] considerations are unimportant and nonlinear emission will be present in both transmitted and reflected directions. 

In any case, one might expect that the rate of the Ca -pump is rather slow relative to the processes unleashed by muscle activation. This is certainly tme for the Na -K -pump, and if it is tme for the Ca -pump as well, then the significance of the amount of charge which may or may not be transported concomitantly with Ca becomes rather unimportant. In short, the rate at which the pump works is more important for contraction than the detailed energetics of the transport reaction. How much of the variability of smooth muscle responsivity is in fact determined by transients in the Ca distribution, e.g., in smooth muscle myocytes, remains to be discovered. 

Whilst eosinophils appear unimportant in the induction of protective responses to GI helminths, they are present in large numbers in the inflamed gut and it has therefore been suggested that they play a part in the induction of enteropathy. Moreover, eosinophils have been implicated in the induction of intestinal inflammation eosinophilic gastroenteritis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn s disease. However, IL-5-deficient mice, or GM-CSF transgenic mice (which typically have a blood eosinophilia of approximately 25%) infected with T. spiralis did not show a significant exacerbation or amelioration of either protective or pathological responses (C.E. Lawrence, unpublished observation). 

A comparison with its different derivatives shows that 4 -OH is not a sole reactive group responsible for the antioxidant activity of resveratrol, while the trans-conformation is absolutely necessary for the inhibition of cell proliferation [187], However, similar to flavonoids resveratrol may exhibit prooxidant properties, for example to promote DNA fragmentation, although its prooxidant activity seems to be unimportant under physiological conditions [188],... 

So a compromise was reached (Fig. 856). Since you ll probably do more extractions than additions, with or without reflux, the pressure-equalizing tube went out, but the ground glass joint stayed on. Extractions no problem. The nature of the stem is unimportant. But during additions, you ll have to take the responsibility to see that nasty vacuum buildup doesn t occur. You can remove the stopper every so often or put a drying tube and inlet adapter in place of the stopper. The latter keeps moisture out and prevents vacuum buildup inside the funnel. 

It should be clearly understood that a p value does not give direct information about the size of any effect that has occurred. A compound may elicit an increase in response by a given amount, but whether a study finds this increase to be statistically significant will depend on the size of the study and the variability of the data. In a small study, a large and important effect may be missed, especially if the endpoint is imprecisely measured. In a large study, on the other hand, a small and unimportant effect may emerge as statistically signficant. 

Almost all responses have the potential of being important. Events or circumstances external to the system usually reveal the category - important or unimportant - into which a given response should be placed. 

Discuss three responses associated with any systems with which you are familiar that were originally thought to be unimportant but were later discovered to be important. 

When considering a membrane with a stable composition and a determinand concentration sufficiently higher than the detection limit, so that factor 7 is unimportant, the response time depends on factors 2 and 3. 

If we know that the instrument response is band limiting with frequency cutoff Q, we may likewise process the estimate. The resulting solution will then also be band limited. The high-frequency spectral structure beyond cutoff Q that we would wish to restore is forever lost to these linear methods. The data contain no information about the high-frequency content. We must wait until Chapter 4 to see how straightforward and seemingly unimportant... 

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