National Technical Means

Article IV of the CTBT not only provides for remote monitoring, but also for on-site inspections (OSI) when other means fail to clarify a suspect activity. Any state that is party to the treaty may request such an inspection and may cite additional evidence, including that collected using its National Technical Means , in support of its request. The sole purpose of OSI shall be to clarify whether a nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion has been carried out in violation of article I and, to the extent possible, to identify any possible violator. 

The OSI request shall be based on information collected by the IMS, on any relevant technical information obtained by national technical means (NTM) of verification in a manner consistent with generally recognised principles of international law, or on a combination thereof. (Treaty, article IV Verification, paragraphs 34-37). 

Burck and Roweree suspect that the information gathered by intelligence agencies may be inherently limited. National Technical Means (NTM), which provides the bulk of their information , may monitor evidence of anti-chemical defences, exercises and delivery systems - the components of a chemical warfare capability that are the least able to be concealed from surveillance. Such evidence, insist Burck and Floweree, is not proof in itself of an offensive programme. Conversely, they contend that NTMs are much less useful in determining the purpose of research and development programmes, or the products of particular production facilities, or the secret... 

Advances in national technical means cannot replace on-site inspection - although it may be possible for OSI to be carried out to some extent by technical rather than human means. The installation of tamper-proof black boxes has long been a proposed method of monitoring a CTB it now appears to be envisaged in the context of the INF treaty, and might also assist with a chemical convention. The equipment would be used to identify and record the composition of emissions and effluent produced by civil chemical plants. 

Hebrank, W.H., and Brown, W.C., Means to Reduce Fuel Requirements of Textile Finishing Tenter Dryers, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, 1974 National Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana. 

All nations are impressed with the importance of obscuring smoke ami are busily engaged in developing the superior smoke agents and in devi> -ing technical means of employing them. The rapid strides made in tliU direction during and since the World War plainly indicate the possibility of this field. 

At this point, it seems to me important to note that the greatest uncertainties are not derived from the scientific performance assessment of the confinement barrier systems but clearly from the possibilities of disruption by human intrusion. Even deliberate human intrusion for the sake of recovering resources, such as plutonium left in spent fuel, cannot be excluded as technically impossible. If at the time when repositories for spent fuel will have to be closed and sealed, i. e. in 100 to 150 years from now, if then the non-proliferation regime will still have the same political importance as today, then technical means will have to be implemented to allow Nations to receive international confirmation of the continued presence of any fissile material which is left over in the repositoiy, or - as the case may be - that such material is retrieved for peaceful purposes only. 

The MSDS of a chemical completes label s data. It must be written, provided, and updated by the manufacturer or distributor of chemicals. The recommendations of the Globally Harmonized Systran of the United Nations establish the universal framework of MSDS in 16 sections. Security officers and doctors must find the knowledge necessary to understand the nature and intensity of the danger of chemicals. From knowledge of the danger, they will be able to evaluate the real level of risk in the specific conditions of use of the products. They will finally, at the end of this analytical approach, select and implement preventive measures. It makes sense to focus on the collective technical means of prevention rather than personal protective equipment (PPE) (see Sect. 5.3.1). Better redo the waterproofing of the roof of a workshop than give each worker an umbrella to protect themselves from the rain (Fig. 5.4). 

In 1914, Haber could not envision that thirty years later, the Germans for whom he produced poison gas would use another kind of gas for the killing of millions of his own people, not in warfare, but because of an infinitely charged racial fanaticism. It is tme, of course, that once the National Socialists had resolved to exterminate all Jews, they would have found the technical means to do so. Perhaps it deserves mention as well that Hitler claimed his sense of mission as savior of Germany first came to him when he lay blinded from Allied gas in a wartime hospital some scholars have given credence to this claim. Still, it would be morally and historically senseless to seek connections where none existed. 

Unless technically impossible, the accuracy and linearity of each measurement chain shall be checked at least at two different points of the measurement range. Visualization of values transmitted from the sensors to the system controller is made most often directly on the controller itself (screen or printer), using an appropriate submenu of the controller. The accuracy of the values read on the equipment or utilities instmmentation is checked by means of appropriate calibrated reference instmmentation traceable to national official standards. 

Further actions are recommended towards technology and strategic energy storage, however, within the framework of technical and economic viability. This means that a system analysis would be needed in order to reflect the entire energy supply situation of the transit country. Options are LNG, UGS, LPG, or other fuels for strategic reserves, both in the (nonproducer) transit country itself and in cooperation with other nations in the region. 

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