National Epidemiological Study

Bredkjaer SR, Mortensen PB, Parnas J. Epilepsy and non-organic non-affective psychosis. National epidemiologic study. Br J Psychiatry 1998 172 235-8. 

Sun P, Cameron A, Seftel A et al (2006) Erectile dysfunc-tion-an observable marker of diabetes mellitus A large national epidemiological study. J Urol 176 1081-1085 discussion 1085... 

Deaths from abuse of volatile substances A national epidemiological study. Brit Med J 1985 290 304-307... 

Buckner JD, Heimberg RG, Schneier FR, liu S, Wang S, Blanco C. The relationship between cannabis use disorders and social anxiety disorder in the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drug Alcohol Depend 2012 124 128-34. 

A number of epidemiologic studies support an association between high fat intake and the risk of prostate cancer. A strong correlation between national per capita fat consumption and national prostate cancer mortality has been reported, and prospective case-control studies suggest that a high-fat diet doubles the risk of prostate cancer. 

Epidemiologic study of neurobehavioral National Institute for effects due to neurotoxicant exposure Occupational Safety and... 

Adverse events listed in clinical trials, case reports, and for rare events epidemiological studies, such as case control studies. Data from national side-effects registers or from the WHO register can be of value, but should be interpreted with caution. 

In humans, 2,4-D in large doses can cause coma and generalized muscle hypotonia. Rarely, muscle weakness and marked hypotonia may persist for several weeks. In laboratory animals, signs of liver and kidney dysfunction have also been reported with chlorphenoxy herbicides. Several epidemiologic studies performed by the US National Cancer Institute confirmed the causal link between 2,4-D and non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. Evidence for a causal link to soft tissue sarcoma, however, is considered equivocal. 

Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the inverse and independent association between HDL cholesterol and the risk of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events. As a consequence, many national and international guidelines endorse the screening for low HDL cholesterol and define 1.05 mmol/1 (40 mg/dl) as the cardiovascular risk threshold value [18]. 

Initiatives by medical researchers, by DES Action, and by the Public Citizen s Health Research Group secured funding in the USA for medical research on the prevalence of cancer and other effects in the young women who had been exposed in utero, and eventually also the men. The US National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) has been one of the centers for toxicological studies of the effects of diethylstilbestrol. A substantial amount of research on the effects of diethylstilbestrol— animal experiments as well as epidemiological studies— has produced a valuable body of knowledge about how hormones affect the development of the fetus and prime the individual for disease later in life. 

Laboratory analysis of human samples for trace contaminants or their metabolites inevitably produces results that deviate quantitatively from the actual concentrations. Such deviations can, for example, complicate exposure classifications in epidemiologic studies, detection of time trends in exposure, and comparison of studies that use data produced with different analytic methods. Individual laboratories can use standard QA-QC methods to minimize and define the magnitude of the variations. However, federal agencies and statutes, such as CDC, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and statutes such as CLIA, could play important roles in improving the overall quality of biomonitoring laboratory data and their utility in health-related applications. 

Needham, L.L. 2005. Assessing exposure to organophosphorus pesticides by biomonitoring in epidemiologic studies of birth outcomes. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(4) 494-498. NRC (National Research Council). 2000. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

Wynder and Shigematsu (15) were the first to suggest that nutritional factors in general and specifically differences in fat intake may be responsible for the international variation in colon cancer incidence. Subsequent descriptive epidemiologic studies have found a strong positive association between colon cancer mortality or incidence in different countries and per capita availability in national diets of total fat (4,16) and of animal fat, estimated from food balance sheets. Such international correlations may be supportive of a hypothesis, but they should be interpreted with caution because the dietary data were based not on actual intake information but on food disappearance data. 

In the early 1960s the National Cancer Institute (NCI) developed procedures to formalize the process for the evaluation of the human risk of cancer from chemical exposures [8], This approach was based on decades of research that demonstrated that chemicals that were known to cause cancer in humans could also induce cancer in laboratory animals. The bioassay was originally envisioned as a cancer screen useful for identifying agents that would be examined in human epidemiology studies, assuming that relatively few compounds would induce tumors in animals. Despite the fact that the approach... 

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