National Bureau of Standards tables

Find the enthalpy of formation of ethyl alcohol in the International Critical Tables and the National Bureau of Standards tables (Table 4.2). Compare the respective values. Compare each of these with the value obtained from the Thermodynamic Research Center tables (Table 4.5) when combined with a value of the enthalpy of vaporization. 

USNBS 1982. United States National Bureau of Standards tables of molar thermodynamic properties. J. Phys. Chem Ref. Data, 11 (Supp. 2). World Wide Web Addresses http //www.ualberta.ca/ jplambec/che/data/p00404.htm and http // www.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/cheml/data3.htm. 

The two primary reference works on inorganic thermochemistry in aqueous solution are the National Bureau of Standards tables (323) and Bard, Parsons, and Jordan s revision (30) (referred to herein as Standard Potentials) of Latimer s Oxidation Potentials (195). These two works have rather little to say about free radicals. Most inorganic free radicals are transient species in aqueous solution. Assignment of thermodynamic properties to these species requires, nevertheless, that they have sufficient lifetimes to be vibrationally at equilibrium with the solvent. Such equilibration occurs rapidly enough that, on the time scale at which these species are usually observed (nanoseconds to milliseconds), it is appropriate to discuss their thermodynamics. The field is still in its infancy of the various thermodynamic parameters, experiments have primarily yielded free energies and reduction potentials. Enthalpies, entropies, molar volumes, and their derivative functions are available if at all in only a very small subset. 

N3. National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases. Natl. Bur. Standards Circ. No. 664 (November, 1955). 

If the standard Gibbs energies of formation of all the species in a reaction but one are known, say from the National Bureau of Standards Tables (4), Af G° for the species with unknown Af G/ can be calculated from an experimentally determined equilibrium constant by use of equation 3.1-14. Suffice it to say here that the Af G° values for many species of biochemical interest have been determined (5). 

Chapters 3-5 have described the calculation of various transformed thermodynamic properties of biochemical reactants and reactions from standard thermodynamic properties of species, but they have not discussed how these species properties were determined. Of course, some species properties came directly out of the National Bureau of Standard Tables (1) and CODATA Tables (2). One way to calculate standard thermodynamic properties of species not in the tables of chemical thermodynamic properties is to express the apparent equilibrium constant K in terms of the equilibrium constant K of a reference chemical reaction, that is a reference reaction written in terms of species, and binding polynomials of reactants, as described in Chapter 2. In order to do this the piiTs of the reactants in the pH range of interest must be known, and if metal ions are bound, the dissociation constants of the metal ion complexes must also be known. For the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate, the apparent equilibrium constant is given by... 

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Chemical Kinetics Homogeneous Keaction.s. Circular 510, Sept, 28, 1951 Supplement 1, Nov. 14, 1956 Supplement 2, Aug 5, I960 Supplement 3, Sept, 15, 1961. Washington, D.C. U.S, Government Printing Office. 

The above tables represent an amalgamation of earlier tables by the National Bureau of Standards (23,29, 42,93) and CODATA (1,, 11,13,28, 30,59) with more recent data. However, as noted in the introduction, they suffer from the defect that it has not been possible to ensure that internal consistency has been maintained as the references to the National Bureau of Standards tables are not available. This is a very difficult task and it is hoped that the work of the NBS will be expanded to allow updating of their tables with maintenance of consistency. Until that time, the present tables will help with the need for utilization of recent measurements. 

National Bureau of Standards. Tables of the Binomial Probability Distribution. Applied Mathematics Series 6. U. S. Gov t Printing Office. Wtuhington, D.C. 1949. 

The National Bureau of Standards Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. 1982, town NBS. 

Fuel Oil. It is common practice in refining petroleum to produce fuel oils complying with several specifications prepared by the ASTM and adopted as a commercial standard by the National Bureau of Standards (Table 6.16). 

Table 8.14 National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) Reference pH Buffer Solutions 8.105...

To prepare the standard pH buffer solutions recommended by the National Bureau of Standards (U.S.), the indicated weights of the pure materials in Table 8.15 should be dissolved in water of specific conductivity not greater than 5 micromhos. The tartrate, phthalate, and phosphates can be dried for 2 h at 100°C before use. Potassium tetroxalate and calcium hydroxide need not be dried. Fresh-looking crystals of borax should be used. Before use, excess solid potassium hydrogen tartrate and calcium hydroxide must be removed. Buffer solutions pH 6 or above should be stored in plastic containers and should be protected from carbon doxide with soda-lime traps. The solutions should be replaced within 2 to 3 weeks, or sooner if formation of mold is noticed. A crystal of thymol may be added as a preservative. 

Thermochemical Tables 2nd ed., NSRDS-NBS 37, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1985. 

J. D. H. Doimay and H. M. Ondik, Crystal Data Determinative Tables, 3rd ed, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards Joiut Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Washiagton, D.C., 1972, pp. 0-23, 0-73, 0-97, 0-106. 

D. R. Stull and H. Prophet, project dinectots, JMNMF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd ed.. National Standards Reference Data Series, U.S. National Bureau of Standards, No. 37, June 1971, available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Supetintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 

The values for the hydrocarbons are from tlie tables of tlie Arneiican Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at tlie National Bureau of Standards, vitli some from Paries and Huffman, Ind. Eng. Chem., 23, 1138 (1931). 

The values given in the following table for the heats and free energies of formation of inorganic compounds are derived from a) Bichowsky and Rossini, Thermochemistry of the Chemical Substances, Reinhold, New York, 1936 (h) Latimer, Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1938 (c) the tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at the National Bureau of Standards and (d) the tables of Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties of the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is referred to the preceding books and tables for additional details as to methods of calculation, standard states, and so on. 

U.S. Sieve Series The American Society for Testing and Materials in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards and the American National Standards Institute has further refined the U.S. sieve series, combining the former coarse and fine series into a single series series with a fourth-root-of-2 ratio (Table 19-6). The openings in the individual sieves have remained unchanged except for minor adjustments in sieves coarser than 0.00673 m (6.73 mm). In the revised series, sieves 1 mm and coarser are identified by opening in millimeters, and those finer than 1 mm by their openings in microns. 

M. Abramowitz, I. A. Stegun, eds. Handbook of Mathematical Eunctions with Eormulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Vol. 55 of National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series, 9th ed. Washington, DC US Government Printing Office, 1970, pp. 883-884. 

Several extensive series of soil-corrosion tests have been carried out by the National Bureau of Standards in the United States, and the results have been summarised by Romanoflf. In one series two types of copper and ten copper alloys were exposed in fourteen different soils for periods up to 14 years. The results for the copper specimens are summarised in Table 4.12. 

Table 4.12 Soil-corrosion tests on copper by National Bureau of Standards and British Non-ferrous Metals Research Association...

Commercial processes Commercial electroless nickel plating stems from an accidental discovery by Brenner and Riddell made in 1944 during the electroplating of a tube, with sodium hypophosphite added to the solution to reduce anodic oxidation of other bath constituents. This led to a process available under licence from the National Bureau of Standards in the USA. Their solutions contain a nickel salt, sodium hypophosphite, a buffer and sometimes accelerators, inhibitors to limit random deposition and brighteners. The solutions are used as acid baths (pH 4-6) or, less commonly, as alkaline baths (pH 8-10). Some compositions and operating conditions are given in Table 13.17 . 

Standardization. Standardization in analytical chemistry, in which standards are used to relate the instrument signal to compound concentration, is the critical function for determining the relative concentrations of species In a wide variety of matrices. Environmental Standard Reference Materials (SRM s) have been developed for various polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH s). Information on SRM s can be obtained from the Office of Standard Reference Materials, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899. Summarized in Table VII, these SRM s range from "pure compounds" in aqueous and organic solvents to "natural" matrices such as shale oil and urban and diesel particulate materials. 

JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Stull, D. R., Prophet, H., National Bureau of Standards, 2nd edn., 1971... 

Although the energies of the spectroscopic states of first row d2 ions were shown in Table 18.4, compilations exist for all gaseous metal ions. The standard reference is a series of volumes published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (C. E. Moore, Atomic Energy Levels, National Bureau of Standards Circular 467, Vol. I, II, and III, 1949). Table 18.5 shows the energies for the spectroscopic states in dn ions in terms of the Racah B and C parameters. 

---