Internal jugular vein

Vaseular drainage from the oral mueosa is prineipally by the lingual, faeial, and retromandibular veins. These veins open into the internal jugular vein and thus avoid first-pass metabolism. 

Belaen B, Geerinckx K, Vergauwe P, Thys J. Internal jugular vein thrombosis after ovarian stimulation. Hum Reprod 2001 16(3) 510-2. 

Fig. 18.1. Venous anatomy in digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in lateral projection. FV, frontal veins PV, parietal veins OV, occipital veins SSS, superior sagittal sinus ISS, inferior sagittal sinus TS, transverse sinus SIS, sigmoid sinus IJV, internal jugular vein SS, straight sinus CS, confluens sinuum VL, vein of I.abbe SV, sylvian vein CS, cavernous sinus VG, vein of Galen 1CV, internal cerebral vein IJV, internal jugular vein...

The venous anatomy is very variable. Venous blood flows centrally via the deep cerebral veins and peripherally via the superficial cerebral veins into the dural venous sinuses, which lie between the outer and meningeal inner layer of the dura and drain into the internal jugular veins (Stam 2005) (Fig. 4.4). The cerebral veins do not have valves and are thin walled, and the blood flow is often in the same direction as in neighboring arteries. There are numerous venous connections between the cerebral veins and the dural sinuses, the venous system of the meninges, skull, scalp, and nasal sinuses, allowing infection or thrombus to propagate between these vessels. 

Parenteral nutrition support therapy is used for disorders of the GI track, bums, and debilitating disease. Parenteral nutrition support therapy is administered through a central venous line (subclavian or internal jugular veins) to prevent irritation to the peripheral veins. 

After its absorption into the intestinal mucosal cell, cholesterol, together with triglycerides, phospholipids, and a number of specific apoproteins, is assembled into a large lipoprotein called the chylomicron (see later section on lipoprotein metabolism, exogenous pathway). One apoprotein component known as apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 is vital to the formation of chylomicrons, and in people with a rare deficiency of apo B-48 synthesis, chylomicron formation, and consequently cholesterol and fat absorption, is severely impaired. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatics, which empty into the thoracic duct and eventually enter the systemic venous circulation at the junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein. 

The brain is perfused with heparinized blood or a suitable subshtute containing plasma concentrations of anesthetic that are sufficient to maintain total anesthesia in vivo. These levels of anesthetics must be maintained throughout the perfusion period. The effluent blood from the internal jugular veins is collected hrst pass or recirculated. 

The ReviveFlow system (ReviveFlow, Inc., Quincy, MA) is a novel method of cerebral flow reversal in which a balloon guide catheter is placed in the cervical internal carotid arteries and jugular veins on one or both sides of the neck. The balloons are subsequently inflated and blood is aspirated via an external pump system from the proximal 1C A and infused in the distal internal jugular vein. The end result is total reversal of the cerebral circulation and perfusion of the venous system with arterial blood into the capillary bed, which is now physiologically proximal to the occluded artery. This device is currently undergoing precliifical smdies. 

Arterial blood was sampled from the femoral artery to reflect cerebral arterial blood. Venous blood was sampled from the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. After the subject had breathed nitrous oxide for 10 minutes, the concentrations in the brain and cerebral venous blood were close enough to equilibrium to allow calculation of brain NjO concentration from the measured cerebral venous concentration at that time and the relative solubility (i.e., partition coefficient) of N2O in brain and blood. 

These patients receive an infusion of a solution that contains hyperosmolar glucose, amino acids, vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, and trace elements. In addition, the patient might be given fat emulsion supplemental therapy to increase the number of calories and to receive fat-soluble vitamins. The infusion is given through a central venous hne such as the subclavian or internal jugular vein to prevent irritation to the peripheral veins. 

Central catheters have been shown to be the most important risk factor in nosocomial Candida infections, which rival in seriousness any underlying disease. Catheters inserted in the subclavian or internal jugular vein have an infection rate of 3-5%—in some hospitals, 7-10%. Percutaneous inserted, noncuffed venous catheters used in hemodialysis are associated with the highest infection rate, 10%. 

Each subclavian vein is a continuation of the axillary vein and runs from the outer rim of the first rib to the medial rim of the anterior scalene muscle. Here the subclavian and internal jugular veins join inside the anterior edge of the superior thoracic opening and create right and left innominate veins behind the sternal manubrium. The vein usually has a pair of valves about 2 cm from its end. The heads of clavicles extend posteriorly into the superior thoracic opening, displacing the veins posteriorly from the sternum. Because of the anteroposterior slope of the superior aperture, the arteries are... 

The internal jugular vein is located in the anterior neck. It channels blood from the skull, brain, superficial regions of the face, and much of the neck. The more cephalad portions of the vein are located somewhat deep within the neck, whereas... 

Another venous lead implantation approach of historical interest is the jugular vein. The first method to acces the vein was nonpercutaneous, in which two incisions are required. The first skin incision, performed above the clavicle between the posterior rim of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the anterior rim of the trapezius muscle, is necessary to reach the external jugular vein or, extended forward, the carotid sheath wherein internal jugular vein is present. A second infraclavicu-lar incision is then necessary to fashion the pocket over the pectoral muscle. Only the latter is required for the percutaneous approach, but regardless of the method used, in both cases, the lead must be tunneled to the pocket (usually over the clavicle). These techniques have been abandoned due to frequent complications related to lead failure. Outside the vein, the lead must run at an acute angle to reach the pocket, which is the reason for the recurrent lead fracture related to this venous approach. However, this is probably the better approach in case of lead extraction. 

Lead Removal from Internal Jugular Vein (Pisa Approach)... 

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