Nasal preparations containers

Nasal preparations contain anti-inflammatory, sympathomimetic decongestant or... 

Rhinocort Aqua and Nasonex are preparations containing topical nasal corticosteroids (budesonide and mometasone furoate respectively). Otrivine contains a nasal decongestant (xylometazoline) and Sudafed is a systemic preparation containing a nasal decongestant (phenylephrine). Molcer is a preparation for ear-wax removal and which contains docusate sodium. Emadine contains an antihistamine (emedastine) and is presented as eye drops. 

Rhinocort Aqua is the proprietary preparation of a topical nasal spray containing the corticosteroid budesonide and is marketed by AstraZeneca. 

Spray, Suspension A liquid preparation containing solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle and in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied locally, most usually to the nasal-pharyngeal tract, or topically to the skin. 

Preparations containing volatile substances for inhalation, either directly or via steam, produce a sensation of clearing the nasal passages and are used for the relief of cold symptoms. They have few, if any, contraindications. 

Nasal preparations are usually solutions or suspensions administered by drops or as a fine mist from a nasal spray container, which could include an aerosol with a metered valve. 

Supplements. Cyanocobalamin (readily converted in the body to the bioavailable forms 5-deoxy-adenosyl and methylcobalamin) is the principal form of vitamin B,2 used in supplements but methylcobalamin is also available. Cyanocobalamin is available by prescription in an injectable form and as a nasal gel for the treatment of pernicious anemia. Over the counter preparations containing cyanocobalamin include multivitamin, vitamin B-complex, and vitamin B,2 supplements. ... 

Nasal preparations can be formulated as liquid, semisolid or solid preparations and can contain one or more active substances. Whether intended for local or systemic action, the mucociliary function of the nose should be disturbed as httle as possible by the preparation However, it is well known that active substances as weU as excipients may have a negative influence on the mucociliary clearance, in other words may be cdiotoxic. In the formulation of nasal preparations one should take into consideration the possible damage to the cilia in relation to the indication and the period of use. 

The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) defines nasal preparations as a liquid, semisolid or solid preparations intended for administration to the nasal cavities to obtain a local or systemic effect. They contain one or more active substances. Nasal preparations are as far as possible non-irritating and do not adversely affect the functions of the nasal mucosa and its cilia. Aqueous nasal preparations... 

Nasal preparations are supplied in multidose or singledose containers, provided, if necessary, with a suitable administration device, which may be designed to avoid contamination. 

When used correctly, nasal drops and sprays will not come into contact with the taste buds, but nevertheless they can give a sensation of taste [23]. This is easy to understand, as the olfactory organ plays an important role in the experience of taste. The clearance through the nasopharynx can be another cause, as a bitter taste is mainly observed at the rear of the tongue. Usually nasal preparations do not contain any flavouring agents. A side effect of especially nasal sprays may be a change in the users sensation of smell and taste. Examples are nasal sprays with fluticasone and with buserelin (Suprefact ). 

Containers for nasal drops usually should protect their content from light, as many nasal preparations show degradation on exposure to light. Dropper bottles are therefore made of... 

For standard nasal preparations that are not chemically stable, the maximum shelf life must be indicated in the formulary. For chemically and physically stable fatty nasal ointments that contain water, the maximum shelf fife is set at 3 years at < 25 °C, (not in a freezer). The usage period after opening the container may be 3 months (see Sect. 22.7.1). 

Do not use nasal decongestants and OTC cold preparations, especially those containing stimulants, without physician approval... 

John Styth Pemberton prepared a drink containing extract of coca leaf and caffeine that he termed Coca-Cola. Today, because of drug laws enacted in the early 1900s, coca extract is still used to prepare Coca-Cola, but the cocaine is removed. Cocaine is used medicinally as a local anesthetic, applied topically by some surgeons for nasal, throat, and ear surgery. 

Treatment can be carried out with injections of leuprolide or nasal application of nafarelin. Leuprolide treatment is usually initiated at a dosage of 0.05 mg/kg body weight injected subcutaneously daily and then adjusted on the basis of the clinical response. Pediatric depot preparations of leuprolide are also available. The recommended initial dosage of nafarelin for central precocious puberty is 1.6 mg/d. This is achieved with two-unit dose sprays (each spray contains 0.1 mL, 0.2 mg) into each nostril twice daily. Treatment with a GnRH agonist is generally continued to age 11 in females and age 12 in males. 

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