Nasal Mist

OTC Muro 128, Nasal Mist, Nasal Moist, Ocean, SalineX, SeaMist, Slo-Salt... 

The primary routes of entry for animal exposure to chromium compounds are inhalation, ingestion, and, for hexavalent compounds, skin penetration. This last route is more important in industrial exposures. Most hexavalent chromium compounds are readily absorbed, are more soluble than trivalent chromium in the pH range 5 to 7, and react with cell membranes. Although hexavalent compounds are more toxic than those of Cr(III), an overexposure to compounds of either oxidation state may lead to inflammation and irritation of the eyes, skin, and the mucous membranes associated with the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Skin ulcers and perforations of nasal septa have been observed in some industrial workers after prolonged exposure to certain hexavalent chromium compounds (108—110), ie, to chromic acid mist or sodium and potassium dichromate. 

Inhalation of dusts can cause metal fume fever (79,80), and ulceration or perforation of the nasal septum. Mild discomfort has been noted with workplace concentrations as low as 0.08 mg/m. The workplace standard (TLV) for copper dusts or mist is 1 mg/m and 0.2 mg/m for copper fume (81). 

Carcinogens Cancer-producing agents Skin Respiratory Bladder/urinary tract Liver Nasal Bone marrow Coal tar pitch dust crude anthracene dust mineral oil mist arsenic. Asbestos polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nickel ore arsenic bis-(chloromethyl) ether mustard gas. p-naphthylamine benzidine 4-am i nodi pheny lam ine. Vinyl chloride monomer. Mustard gas nickel ore. Benzene. 

Schlesinger, R.B., Naumann, B.D., and Chen, L.C., Physiological and histological alterations in the bronchial mucociliary clearance system of rabbits following intermittent oral or nasal inhalation of sulfuric acid mist, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 12, 2-3, 441, 1983. 

Chromic Acid. Workers exposed to chromic acid or chromates in concentrations of 0.11-0.15 mg/m developed ulcers of the nasal septum and irritation of the conjunctiva, pharynx, and larynx, as well as asthmatic bronchitis. A worker exposed to unmeasured but massive amounts of chromic acid mist for 4 days developed severe frontal headache, wheezing, dyspnea, cough, and chest pain on inspiration after 6 months the worker still experienced chest pain on inspiration and cough. ... 

In an industrial plant in which the airborne chromic acid concentrations measured from 0.18 to 1.4mg/m/ moderate irritation of the nasal septum and turbinates was observed after 2 weeks of exposure, ulceration of the septum was present after 4 weeks, and there was perforation of the septum after 8 weeks. A worker exposed to an unmeasured concentration of chromic acid mist for 5 years developed jaundice and was found to be excreting significant amounts of chromium liver function was mildly to moderately impaired in four other workers with high urinary chromium excretion. ... 

Sodium chloride Ayr Saline (B.F. Ascher), Breathe Free (Thompson Medical), HuMist Moisturizing Mist (Scherer), NaSal (Bayer Corp.), Nasal Moist (Blairex), Ocean (Fleming and Co.), Mycinaire Saline M/sf (Pfeiffer)... 

While chromium metal or trivalent chromium is not very toxic, hexavalent chromium (Cr +) is carcinogenic and moderately toxic. Cr + is corrosive to skin and causes denaturation and precipitation of tissue proteins. Inhalation of Cr6+ dust or mist can cause perforation of the nasal septum, lung irritation, and congestion of the respiratory passsages. Chronic exposure may produce cancer of the respiratory tract. 

Although the toxicity of metallic copper is very low, many copper(II) salts may have varying degrees of toxicity. Inhalation of dusts, mists or fumes of the metal can cause nasal perforation, cough, dry throat, muscle ache, chills and metal fever. Copper in trace amounts is a nutritional requirement, used metaholically in plant and animal enzymes and other biological molecules. It can be either a toxicant or a nutrient within a concentration that may be in the same order of magnitude. 

Prime the pump with 4 sprays or until a fine mist appears before using the nasal spray the first time. Tkfter the first use and if the pump hasn t been used for 3 or more days, prime the pump with 2 sprays or until a fine mist appears... 

Each milliliter of Afrin Original Nasal Spray and Pump Mist contains oxymetazoline hydrochloride, 0.05%. It also contains benzalkonium chloride, edetate disodium, poly-... 

Nasal decongestants arylalkylamines Afrin Children s Pump Mist Rhinall Vicks Sinex Ultra Fine Mist Pretz-D... 

Nasal decongestants other products Afrin Saline Breathe Free Mycinaire Saline Mist NasalEase with Zinc... 

Phagocytosis and the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium to formazan was impaired by chromium(III) but not chromium(VI). These effects represent a decrease in the functional and metabolic activity of the macrophage (Johansson et al. 1986a, 1986b). Mice exposed to chromium trioxide mist at concentrations of 1.81 and 3.63 mg chromium(VI)/m3 intermittently for i2 months developed perforations in the nasal septum, hyperplastic and metaplastic changes in the larynx, trachea, and bronchus, and emphysema (Adachi 1987 Adachi et al. 1986). 

Respiratory Effects. Occupational exposure to chromium compounds results in direct contact of mucocutaneous tissue, such as nasal and pharyngeal epithelium, due to inhalation of airborne dust and mists of these compounds. Such exposures have led to nose and throat irritation and nasal septum perforation. Because exposure is to airborne chromium, studies noting these effects are described in Section 2.2.1.2. 

Dermal Effects. Occupational exposure to airborne chromium compounds has been associated with effects on the nasal septum, such as ulceration and perforation. These studies are discussed in Section 2.2.1.2 on Respiratory Effects. Dermal exposure to chromium compounds can cause contact allergic dermatitis in sensitive individuals, which is discussed in Section 2.2.3.3. Skin burns, blisters, and skin ulcers, also known as chrome holes or chrome sores, are more likely associated with direct dermal contact with solutions of chromium compounds, but exposure of the skin to airborne fumes and mists of chromium compounds may contribute to these effects. 

In the 1998 Draft for Public Comment, an MRL of 0.0001 mg chromium(VI)/m3 had been derived for both intermediate and chronic exposures as chromium trioxide mist and other dissolved hexavalent chromium aerosols and mists. This MRL was also based on the study Lindberg and Hedenstiema (1983), but an exposure level of 0.001 mg chromium(VI)/m3 had been considered a NOAEL, and there had been no adjustment from intermittent to continuous exposure. Further evaluation of this study indicated that a NOAEL could not be clearly defined therefore, the LOAEL of 0.002 mg chromium(VI)/m3 was selected and adjusted for continuous exposure for the concern that the nasal lesions could accumulate at a greater rate than the repair mechanisms. The MRL of 0.000005 mg/m3 no longer applies for chronic exposure because concern that carcinogenicity associated with chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds takes precedence. 

A chronic inhalation RfC of 0.008 pg chromium(VI)/m3 has been derived and verified by EPA for chromic acid mists and dissolved chromium(VI) aerosols (IRIS 2000b). The RfC is based on a LOAEL for nasal septum atrophy in workers exposed to 0.002 mg chromium(VI)/m3 (Lindberg and Hedenstierna 1983). 

Kleinfeld M, Rosso A. 1965. Ulcerations of the nasal septum due to inhalation of chromic acid mist. Ind Med Surg 24 242-243. 

It may help to prime the nasal spray prior to first using it. This is achieved by spraying the spray into the air (away from the eyes) a few times until a fine mist is produced. 

Nasal preparations are usually solutions or suspensions administered by drops or as a fine mist from a nasal spray container, which could include an aerosol with a metered valve. 

Strong inorganic acid mists containing Lung, larynx (nasal cavity)... 

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