Liver chromium

The model overestimated final liver chromium concentrations, but bone and kidney concentrations were well-predicted. This was not a completely independent test of the model s validity since data from this study were used to set parameters for fractional uptake of chromium into bone. 

The weight-loss effects of chromium have not been proven. Chromium may be unsafe in high doses, especially when combined with picolinate. Specifically, chromium picolinate may cause headaches and mood disturbances. High doses may lead to blood and disorders of the liver and kidney, and may increase the risk of cancer. 

Chromium has proved effective in counteracting the deleterious effects of cadmium in rats and of vanadium in chickens. High mortality rates and testicular atrophy occurred in rats subjected to an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium salts however, pretreatment with chromium ameliorated these effects (Stacey et al. 1983). The Cr-Cd relationship is not simple. In some cases, cadmium is known to suppress adverse effects induced in Chinese hamster (Cricetus spp.) ovary cells by Cr (Shimada et al. 1998). In southwestern Sweden, there was an 80% decline in chromium burdens in liver of the moose (Alces alces) between 1982 and 1992 from 0.21 to 0.07 mg Cr/kg FW (Frank et al. 1994). During this same period in this locale, moose experienced an unknown disease caused by a secondary copper deficiency due to elevated molybdenum levels as well as chromium deficiency and trace element imbalance (Frank et al. 1994). In chickens (Gallus sp.), 10 mg/kg of dietary chromium counteracted adverse effects on albumin metabolism and egg shell quality induced by 10 mg/kg of vanadium salts (Jensen and Maurice 1980). Additional research on the beneficial aspects of chromium in living resources appears warranted, especially where the organism is subjected to complex mixtures containing chromium and other potentially toxic heavy metals. 

Laj, S., V.K. Jain, and S.K. Tandon. 1984. Comparative toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium IV biochemical changes in blood and liver of rat. Jour. Environ. Biol. 5 29-35. 

Tandon, S.K., D.K. Saxena, J.S. Gaur, and S.V. Chandra. 1978. Comparative toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium. Alterations in blood and liver. Environ. Res. 15 90-99. 

Nickel may be a factor in asbestos carcinogenicity. The presence of chromium and manganese in asbestos fibers may enhance the carcinogenicity of nickel (USEPA 1980), but this relation needs to be verified. Barium-nickel mixtures inhibit calcium uptake in rats, resulting in reduced growth (WHO 1991). Pretreatment of animals with cadmium enhanced the toxicity of nickel to the kidneys and liver (USPHS 1993). Simultaneous exposure to nickel and cadmium — an industrial situation... 

Ellen, G., J.W. van Loon, and K. Tolsma. 1989. Copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc in kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and in chicken livers in the Netherlands. Zeit. Lebens. Untersuchung Forschung 189 534-537. 

Jorhem, L., B. Sundstrom, C. Astrand, and G. Haegglund. 1989. The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of Swedish pigs and cattle. Zeit. Lebens.-Unters. -Forschung 188 39-44. 

Requirements for trace elements during organ failure are not clearly defined. Manganese and copper should be restricted or withheld in patients with cholestatic liver disease. Chromium, molybdenum, and selenium should be restricted or withheld in patients with renal failure. 

Some research has shown that, even though most chromium compounds are toxic, a small trace of chromium is important for a healthy diet for humans. A deficiency produces diabeteslike symptoms, which can be treated with a diet of whole-grain cereal, liver, and brewers yeast. 

Breathing high levels of chromium (VI) can cause irritation to the nose, including nosebleeds, ulcers, and holes in the nasal septum. Ingesting large amounts of chromium (VI) can cause stomach upset and ulcers, convulsions, kidney and liver damage, and even death. Skin contact with certain chromium (VI) compounds can cause skin ulcers. Some people are extremely sensitive to... 

In an industrial plant in which the airborne chromic acid concentrations measured from 0.18 to 1.4mg/m/ moderate irritation of the nasal septum and turbinates was observed after 2 weeks of exposure, ulceration of the septum was present after 4 weeks, and there was perforation of the septum after 8 weeks. A worker exposed to an unmeasured concentration of chromic acid mist for 5 years developed jaundice and was found to be excreting significant amounts of chromium liver function was mildly to moderately impaired in four other workers with high urinary chromium excretion. ... 

As mentioned before, chromium(VI) reacts with NADH or NAD(P)H in the presence of rat-liver cytosolic or microsomal fractions, forming stable Cr(V)-NAD (P)H complexes, while addition of Glc6P led to stable Cr(V)-Glc6P complexes together with the Cr(V)-NAD(P)H complexes.11 The chromium(V) complexes have isotropic g values of 1.980 or 1.982, and H hyperfine splitting constants of... 

R. H. Liebross and K. E. Wetterhan, In vivo formation of chromium(V) in chick embryo liver and red blood cells, Carcinogenesis, 13 (1992) 2113-2120. 

S. Ueno, N. Susa, Y. Fumkawa, and M. Sugiyama, Formation of paramagnetic chromium in liver of mice treated with dichromate(VI), Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 135 (1995) 165-171. 

---