Nanosensors performance

Petersons pH probe also was modified in order to give a miniature fiber optic sensor potentially suitable for glucose measurements90. Kopelman et al.91 developed a fiber-optic pH nanosensor for physiological measurements using a dual-emission sensitive dye. The performance of a pH sensor was reported92. An unclad fiber was dip-coated with a thin layer of porous cladding within which a pH-sensitive dye was entrapped. The fundamental... 

To date, all LSPR nanosensor experiments have been performed using non-resonant molecules. Because the effect that molecular resonances have on nanoparticle sensing is unknown, my current studies are aimed at answering this question (Objective 6). Preliminary results indicate that the resonant molecule, Fe(bpy)3 + (bpy = 4,4 -bipyri-dine), dramatically enhances the sensitivity of the LSPR nanosensor when the extinction maximum of the nanoparticles is slightly red-shifted from the molecular resonance. 

Nanodevices are systems with nanostructured materials that carry out specific functions with either improved performance or new attributes. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of new device paradigms based on nanostructured materials, including nanoelectronic devices, nano-optoelectronic devices, spintronic devices, nanosensors, and drug and gene delivery systems. 

FIGURE 26.3 Nanosensors, or particle labs, allow complex tests to be performed intracellularly through synergistic reactions. Intracellular glucose enters the nanosensor (1) and is enzymatically altered in a process that consumes oxygen (2), causing a reduction in fluorescence from the oxygen-sensitive fluorophore (3). 

One of the ultimate objectives in the field of miniaturization field is the development of integrated microsystems wherein the entire analytical process can be performed. Here, it is important to mention the development of nanosensors based, for example, on the use of nanoelectrodes in electrochemical transduction systems, which allow integration of the detection system at the nanoscale level. Thus, the design of miniaturized analytical systems at the nanoscale level should take into account the following issues as compared to the macro-world (Rios et al., 2009 Mawatari et al., 2012) ... 

The Spanish Space Agency INTA launched the first nanosatellite called NANO-SAT-01 (Figure 40.17) on board a European rocket Ariane 5 from the French Guyana. The sateUite consists of a hexagonal device of less than 19 kg in weight and with a diameter of about 50 cm, which describes an LEO orbit with 655 km of altitude. The main objective of the satellite is to probe the operation and performance of micro- and nanotechnologies in space environment One of the scientific experiments implemented on board was the sol-gel-based magnetic nanosensor. 

Although this method was developed initially for macroscale structures, it has become common to see it applied to micro- and nanosensors (Quinn et al 2006). Though, as these devices range in sizes at the sub-100 pm level, many are based on a silicon material system. Nonetheless, new materials and techniques driven by the ability to perform precision engineering are being explored and developed (Qian and Zhao, 2002). Today, materials from different types, from metals to ceramics, polymers or composites, may have suitable attributes to be applied into micro- and nanosensors. 

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