Synergistic reaction

By selecting the halogen source, it is possible to produce complete or partial substitutes in certain polymer systems. Compounds such as ferric oxide, zinc oxide, zinc borate, and zinc stannate have been employed successfully, most of which are effective with polyamides and epoxies when using a chlorinated FR. 

Bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane Brominated epoxy Zinc oxide Zinc borate 9 8 15.7 11.5 

An antimony oxide/mineral silicate complex (from Anzon) also provides cost-effective formulations with a low tint strength. It is especially suitable for plasticized PVC wire and cable sheathing and wail linings and can also be used, with a halogenated compound, in polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS and polyesters. 

A free-flowing chlorine-containing cycloaliphatic compound (Occidental s Dechlorane Plus - a diadduct of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and 1,5-cyclooctadiene) can be used with antimony oxide, and also with other synergists, and is particularly effective in nylon 6 and 66 and epoxies. Its aliphatic rather than aromatic structure does not absorb UV radiation, so reducing the potential for discolouration after prolonged ageing. 

Halogenated resins can generate smoke and toxic fumes in combustion. Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) offers a halogen-free alternative, but high loadings 

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J.J. Pitts, "Antimony-Halogen Synergistic Reactions in Fire Retardants, "J. Fire Flamm., 51 (1972). 

Thermodynamic data for the extraction reactions of Eqs. (4.10a) and (4.10c) allow calculation of the corresponding values for the synergistic reaction of Eq. (4.10d). Measurements of the reaction... 

Coated materials are evaluated in S-SBR and in 50 50 blends of S-SBR and EPDM rubbers. In blends, the partitioning of fillers and curatives over the phases depends on differences in surface polarity. In S-SBR, polythiophene-modified silica has a strong positive effect on the mechanical properties because of a synergistic reaction of the sulfur-moieties in the polythiophene coating with the sulfur cure system. In S-SBR/EPDM blends, a coating of polyacetylene is most effective because of the chemical similarity of polyacetylene with EPDM. The effect of... 

An important synergistic reaction between radiation-related pulmonary fibrosis and tamoxifen has been described in 196 women followed for a minimum of 5 years, with a relative risk of 2.0 (39). However, others have shown that tamoxifen did not increase the pulmonary toxicity of agents such as carmustine and dacarbazine (40). 

Pitts, J. J. Antimony-halogen synergistic reactions in fire retardants, Journal of Fire and Flammability, 1972, 33, 51-84. 

The quick overview of the mechanisms of action reveals that the formation of an expanded charred insulative layer acting as thermal shield is involved. The mechanism of action is not completely elucidated, especially the role of the synergist. Reaction may take place between the nano-filler and some ingredients of the intumescent formulation (e.g., the phosphate) in order to thermally stabilize the charred structure. Only physical interactions are observed (e.g., action of POSS with phosphinate), and these interactions permit the reinforcement of the char strength and avoid the formation of cracks. The development rate and the quality of this layer are therefore of the primary importance and research work should be focused on this. 

Caution has been recommended when starting clozapine in patients taking benzodiazepines (SEDA-19,55). Three cases of delirium associated with clozapine and benzodiazepines (244) have been reported. There have been several reports of synergistic reactions, resulting in increased sedation and ataxia, when lorazepam was begun in patients already taking clozapine (245). 

When PB is examined a.s a singular exposure, it is almost consistently associated with the risk of having GW unexplained illness. However, PB exposure always occurred in combination with other environmental exposures during the GW. The possibility of a synergistic reaction with other exposures cannot be disregarded,... 

G.R. Choppin (Florida State University) is investigating the synergistic reaction of actinide-TTA complexes with brown ether adducts in benzene solutions and interaction of plutonium and other transuranic elements with the components of marine sediments under different conditions. The interaction of plutonium-238 dioxide heat source with the marine environment is also under investigation by H.V. Weiss (Naval Coastal Systems Center). 

Groudine SB, Morley JN. Recent problems with paracervical vasopressin a possible synergistic reaction with nicotine. (1996) 47, 19-21. 

The synergistic reaction of synergistic reaction CD with the subject recognition molecular — calixarene and crown ether... 

This book chapter evaluates the definition, classification, and scope of POCs in different applications. POCs represent one of the most widely used polymeric materials. Synergistic reactions between the polymer matrix and filler materials (particulate, fiber, and structural fillers) result in modified properties. This book chapter contributes a brief introduction followed by a definition of processing and an extensive illustration of the different applications of POCs in a variety of fields (consumer, medical, agricultural, packaging, transportation, electrical, construction, and textile). POCs with natural wood fiber are widely used in consumer applications. They result in wood-like texture and properties with the cost of plastic. 

Pitts, J.J. (1972) Antimony Halogen Synergistic Reactions in Fire Retardance. J. Fire Flammability, 3, 235. 

Hie chloride content of storage basin water should be kept low to prevent pitting corrosion. It is difficult to specify a chloride ion limit below which pitting corrosion does not occur, because of the synergistic reactions that take place with other anions in the water. Sverepa found that increasing the chloride content from 0 to 50 ppm in water containing 116 ppm bicarbonate ions increased the number of pits but not their depths [2.21]. The effect was much higher in the presence of copper. Very little attack occurred in the presence of 10 ppm chloride and 116 ppm bicarbonate at pHS.O, while in the presence of 50 ppm chloride and 232 ppm bicarbonate, 0.1 mm deep pits occurred at the same pH. At a lower pH of 6.4, corrosion occurred with only 20 ppm chloride and 116 ppm bicarbonate. 

New developments Multi-functional stabilizer systems, development of synergistic reactions, improved retention of colour and transparency, more convenient forms for handling replacement of heavy metal compounds. 

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