Nanomanipulation

One of the most conceptually obvious ways to carry out chemistry on the nanoscale or to make nanoscale objects is to simply move molecules or atoms around directly. Such a process is termed nanormnipulation and in practice it is 

Another, less direct, approach to manipulate molecules on a surface is through the use of chemical self-assembly principles derived from X-ray crystallographic work. A two-dimensional hydrogen bonding motif derived from crystal-engineering studies has been used to assemble a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice based on the hydrogen bonded triad motif formed between perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide (5.1) and melamine (5.2). The honeycomb 

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Yanagida T, Flarada Y and Ishijima A 1993 Nanomanipulation of aotomyosin moleoular motors/n vitro a new working prinoiple TIBS 18 319-23... 

As a consequence one might expect that the future needs to rely on hybrid elements which arise from advanced UV-and electron-beam lithography, from imprint techniques or automated and parallelized nanomanipulation techniques, like dip-pen lithography or focused ion-beam techniques in combination with supramolecular approaches for the assembly of molecular inorganic/organic hybrid system. Nevertheless, it is evident for any kind of chemical approach that falling back onto the present-day... 

Recently, another template-based technique for preparation of metallic nanoparticles on electrode surfaces was described [18]. This technique does not need any nanomanipulation by STM or AFM. It is based on reduction... 

There has been tremendous interest in the study of atomic nanostructures over the last few years. At the atomic scale nanomanipulation is increasingly opening up a new world of nanosize clusters and structures, many of which have properties distinct both from those of the macroscopic solid materials and also from those of small molecules. The nanoscale is often the critical size at which properties start to change... 

Fig.15 Nanofabrication with DNA molecules [108,109]. a Left Cross-linking of DNA strands. Image size is 800 x 800 nm. b Combination of three AFM images of characters formed by nanomanipulation of single DNA molecules with the AFM tip (scan size is 500 X 500 nm). Reprinted with permission...

Molecular Self-Assembly. Reductive techniques, such as those used in the microelectronics industry, can produce structural features smaller than about 200 nm. The use of proximal probes and other nanomanipulative techniques can be considered to be a hybrid of the reductive lithographic techniques and die synthetic strategies of assembling functional nanostructures atom by atom, or molecule by molecule. The organization of nanostructures and devices by the self-assembly of the component atoms and molecules, a ubiquitous phenomenon in biological systems, forms die noncovalent synthetic approach to nanotechnology. 

Kojima, H., Ishijima, A., and Yanagida, T. (1994). Direct measurement of stiffness of single actin filaments with and without tropomyosin by in vitro nanomanipulation. 

Although SEMs or ESEMs are very powerful in imaging nanoscale materials or particles, caution should be taken to avoid electron beam damage to specimen. This is particularly important when a nanomanipulation system with a force measurement device is to be used to characterise the mechanical properties of particles. Ren et al. (2007, 2008) identified that such damage depended on the electron dose and exposure time, as well as the type of materials under test, and it is extremely important to find a time window in which the damage is negligible to obtain reliable mechanical property data. 

Self-Assembly and Fabrication on the Atomic Level Enable Nanomanipulation... 

Nanomanipulation can be divided into two categories fabrication and self-assembly. 

Various nanoscale architecture can be designed, including solid spheres, hollow spheres, tubes, porous particles, solid particles, and branched structures (Table 2).To achieve such nanostructures, different fabrication methods are used depending on the types of material. The methods used for nanoscale assembly include molecular self-assembly, bioaggregation, nanomanipulation, photochemical patterning, molecular imprinting, layer-by-layer electrsostatic deposition, and vapor deposition. 

Nanoscale assembly Self-assembling micellar structures [113,114] Bio-self-assembly and aggregation [115,116] Nanomanipulation [117,118] Soft lithography [119,120] Molecular imprinting [121,122] Layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition [123,124] Chemical vapor deposition [125]... 

Lti, J. H. (2004), Nanomanipulation of extended single-DNA molecules on modified mica surfaces using the atomic force microscopy, Coll. Surf. B Biointerf, 39(4), 177-180. 

The first investigated azo-polysiloxane contains nucleobases in the side chain. This azo-polymer class presents a potential interest in the fields of optoelectronic or biomolecnle immobilization and nanomanipulation. The optoelectronic applications are the consequence of the azo-materials capacity to generate surface relief grating (SRG) under UV irradiation. In spite of the fact that the SRG problem is stndied by many research gronps, nntil now, the mechanism of the surface... 

Hurduc N, Enea R, Scutaru D et al. (2007) Nucleobases modified azo-polysUoxanes, materials with potential application in biomolecules nanomanipulation. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 45 4240-4248... 

Karageorgiev P, Neher D, Schulzl B et al. (2005) Prom anisotropic photo-fluidity towards nanomanipulation in the optical near-field. Nature Mat 4 699-703... 

In this chapter we provide a brief review of different nanolithography and nanomanipulation techniques. We discuss mainly such techniques as templated growth, dip pen lithography, anodic oxidation and scanning probe microscope based nanomanipulation. The chapter contains an introduction to the basic techniques followed by examples of such nanostructure growth. 

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