Naming compounds esters

Substituents replacing the hydrogen atom of an alcoholic hydroxy group of a saccharide or saccharide derivative are denoted as O-substituents. The 0- locant is not repeated for multiple replacements by the same atom or group. Number locants are used as necessary to specify the positions of substituents they are not required for compounds fully substituted by identical groups. Alternative periphrase names for esters, ethers, etc. may be useful for indexing purposes. For cyclic acetals see 2-Carb-28. 

In addition to trialkylboranes, various alkoxyboron compounds have prominent roles in synthesis. Some of these, such as catecholboranes (see. p. 340) can be made by hydroboration. Others are made by organometallic or related substitution reactions. Alkoxyboron compounds are usually named as esters. Compounds with one alkoxy group are esters of borinic acids and are called borinates. Compounds with two alkoxy groups are called boronates. Trialkoxyboron compounds are borates. 

Alkoxyboron compounds are usually named as esters. Compounds with one alkoxy group are esters of borinic acids and are called borinates. Compounds with two alkoxy groups are... 

The names of esters originate from the names of the compounds that are used to prepare them. The first word of the name comes from the alkyl group of the alcohol, and the second part comes from the carboxylate group of the... 

Another group of compounds unique to spiders, namely propyl esters of long-chain, multiply branched fatty acids, have been found in the cuticular lipids of the spider A. eximus (Bagneres et al., 1997). 

As with MOH- or MOU-catalyzed aldol additions (M = Na or K Figure 13.44), MOH- or MOH-catalyzed aldol condensations (M = Na or K) can be carried out only with aldehyde or ketone enolates, not with ester or amide enolates. The reason for this is the same as discussed before, namely, that ester and amides are less acidic than carbonyl compounds and the amounts of enolate they form with the bases mentioned are much too small. 

Taft s inductive constants for substituents are rather obvious forms of the correlation constants for macrobicyclic systems, since they are determined for structurally similar organic compounds, namely, bicyclic esters of the type... 

Names of Esters.—Considering these compounds as ethereal salts they are named on the same principal as metal salts, the name of the alkyl radical being used in place of that of the metal. The ester of ethyl alcohol and acetic add, CH3COOC2H5, being called ethyl acetate or ethyl ethanoate. Considering them as esters they are named as follows ethyl acetate is acetic acid ethyl ester or ethanoic acid ethane ester. 

A polyfunctional organic molecule can contain many different kinds of functional groups, but for nomenclature purposes, we must choose just one suffix. It s not correct to use two sufhxes. Thus, keto ester 3 must be named either as a ketone with an -one. suffix or as an ester with an -oate suffix but can t be named as an -onoate. Similarly, amino alcohol 4 must be named either as an alcohol (-ol) or as an amine i-amine) but can t properly be named as an -olamine. The only exception to this rule is in naming compounds that have double or triple bonds. For example, the unsaturated acid H2C=CHCH2C00H is 3-butenoic acid, and the acetylenic alcohol HCSCCH2CH2CH2CH2OH is 5-hexyn-l-ol. 

An ester is a compound that has an OR group in place of the OH group of a carboxylic acid. In naming an ester, the name of the group (R ) attached to the carboxyl oxygen is stated first, followed by the name of the acid, with ic acid replaced by ate. ... 

The aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters and ketones supplied to the paint industry are fairly pure named compounds. Some aromatic mixtures are sold cheaply under proprietary names. 

In the Chemical Substance Index to Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 118 (Fig. 31) the parent substance heading decanedioic acid can be found, then - in round brackets - the trivial name commonly used in the literature. The index entries and abstract numbers under decanedioic acid are followed by topic-oriented subdivisions (qualifiers) and chemical-function subdivisions (categories). The entry in the Index Guide shows that abstracts about DOS are listed under the class of compounds esters of decanedioic acid. Under this index heading the individual esters are named in alphabetical order. The text of many index entries starts with plasticizer. But not only these are relevant for the query. Also within the text modifications the term plasticizer is mentioned. Abstracts to patents are recognizable by the letter P preceding the abstract number. 

Hyphens, on the other hand, are used less in USA than in British practice (see p. 38). Identical letters belonging to different words are not separated by hyphens in USA (methyllithium, tetraacetate) hyphens are not used in words such as coordinate, unionized, nor to join portions/ of partial names (keto ester, amino acid), nor after voiced vowels ending isolated parts of nomenclature (thia compound, methoxy group, amino derivative). They are also not used between a multiplicative prefix and a parenthesis, e.g.j in USA it is correct to write p-bis(2 -chloroethyl)-benzene in Great Britain the name would start p-di-(2-... or p-bis-(2-... on the grounds that parentheses do not alter pre-existing punctuation. 

Nomenclature. The compound on which the enzyme acts is known as the substrate. The name of the enzyme is now usually obtained by adding the termination ase to the name of the substrate. Thus an enzyme which hydrolyses an ester is known as an esterase. Nevertheless the older names of many enzymes still persist owing to their early disco ieiy. In some cases the name of the enzyme indicates the reaction w hich it catalyses, e.g. oxidase. 

Aldol additions and ester condensations have always been and still are the most popular reactions for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds (A.T. Nielsen, 1968). The earbonyl group acts as an a -synthon, the enoi or enolate as a d -synthon. Both reactions will be treated together here, and arguments, which are given for aldol additions, are also valid for ester condensations. Many famous name reactions belong to this category ). The products of aldol additions may be either /J-hydroxy carbonyl compounds or, after dehydration, or, -unsaturated carbonyl compounds. 

The acylpalladium complex formed from acyl halides undergoes intramolecular alkene insertion. 2,5-Hexadienoyl chloride (894) is converted into phenol in its attempted Rosenmund reduction[759]. The reaction is explained by the oxidative addition, intramolecular alkene insertion to generate 895, and / -elimination. Chloroformate will be a useful compound for the preparation of a, /3-unsaturated esters if its oxidative addition and alkene insertion are possible. An intramolecular version is known, namely homoallylic chloroformates are converted into a-methylene-7-butyrolactones in moderate yields[760]. As another example, the homoallylic chloroformamide 896 is converted into the q-methylene- -butyrolactams 897 and 898[761]. An intermolecular version of alkene insertion into acyl chlorides is known only with bridgehead acid chlorides. Adamantanecarbonyl chloride (899) reacts with acrylonitrile to give the unsaturated ketone 900[762],... 

The 2,3-alkadienyl esters 839 are reactive compounds toward Pd catalysts and form the a-alkylidene-rr-allylpalladium complexes 840, which react further to give two kinds of products, namely the 1,2- and 1,4-diene derivatives 841 and 842, depending on the reactants. 

Aryl esters that is compounds of the type RCOAr are named m an analogous way... 

Ester groups in R —CO—OR compounds are named (1) by the prefix alkoxycarbonyl- or aryloxycarbonyl- for —CO—OR when the radical R contains a substituent with priority for citation as principal group or (2) by the prefix acyloxy- for R —CO—O— when the radical R contains a substituent with priority for citation as principal group. Examples are... 

The trivial name acetoxy is retained for the CH3—CO—O— group. Compounds of the type R C(0R )3 are named as R esters of the hypothetical ortho acids. For example, CH3C(OCH3)3 is trimethyl orthoacetate. 

Esters. Esters of inorganic acids are named as the salts for example, ( 113)2804, dimethyl sulfate. However, if it is desired to specify the constitution of the compound, the nomenclature for coordination compounds should be used. 

Perfumes, Flavors, Cosmetics, and Soap. Many naturally occurring esters in essential oils and some synthetic esters are important fragrance and flavor compounds (61,62). They are used in perfumes, flavors, cosmetics, soaps, detergents, and air fresheners. Benzyl, butyl, ethyl, methyl, and phenyl esters of benzoic acid are used as flavors, perfumes, and food preservatives. Glyceryl 4-aminobenzoate [136-44-7] and 2-ethyUiexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate [21245-02-3] are used in cosmetic sunscreen preparations. Alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, called parabens, have been used under various names for fungus infections of the skin, and as preservatives in lotions and creams (101). Soap and cosmetic fragrances use large amounts of amyl and benzyl saHcylate. Benzyl saHcylate [118-58-1] is also used in deodorant sprays. 2-Ethylhexyl saHcylate [118-60-5] and 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate [5466-77-3] are used in sunscreen formulations (102). 

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