Mussels determination

Lindstrom and Schubert63 applied GC-MS, GC-MS-MS and direct inlet MS-MS to determine 1,1-dichlorodimethyl sulfone (201, DDS) in aquatic organisms outside a pulp mill bleach plant. Both GC-MS-MS and direct inlet MS-MS of tissue extracts of fish and mussel appeared to be sensitive, selective and fast techniques for the determination of DDS. 

Caricchia, A. M., Chiavarini, S., Cremisini, C., Morabito, R., and Scerbo, R., Influence of Storage Conditions on the Determination of Organotin in Mussels, Analytica Chimica Acta 286, 1994, 329-334. 

Ernst W. 1977. Determination of the bioconcentration potential of marine organism- A steady state approach. I. Bioconcentration data for seven chlorinated pesticides in mussels(mytilus edulis) and their relation to solubility data. Chemosphere 11 731 -740. 

Experimentally measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs), which provide an indication of the tendency of a chemical to partition to the fatty tissue of organisms, have been found to range between 10 and 100 for trichloroethylene in fish (Kawasaki 1980 Kenaga 1980 Neely et al. 1974 Veith et al. 1980). Barrows et al. (1980) estimated a value of 17 for bluegill sunfish. Somewhat lower BCFs were determined by Saisho et al. (1994) for blue mussel (4.52) and killifish (2.71). These numbers are suggestive of a low tendency to bioaccumulate. 

In the meantime, SS-ZAAS has gained in popularity in numerous apphcations, and has become of increasing importance for analyte homogeneity determination in the production and use of reference materials. Examples are Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Fe in codfish candidate RM, Hg in copper metal, Zn in mussel tissue, Cd, Pb, Hg,... 

Morabito R, Muntau H, Cofino W, Quevauviller Ph 1999) A new mussel certified reference material (CRM 477) for the quality control of butyltin determination in the marine environment. J Environ Monit 1 75-82. 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

NIST has also used results obtained from inter-laboratory studies as an additional set of results in the two or more methods approach (mode 2 in Table 3.13). For example for the recent value assignment for PCBs and pesticides in SRM 1944, the mean of results from 19 laboratories participating in an inter-laboratory comparison exercise was used as an additional set of data in the determination of the certified values. Similar inter-laboratory study results were also included in the value assignment of PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides for two recently issued mussel tissue materials, SRM 2977 and SRM 2978. 

Wise SA, Benner BA Jr, Christensen RG, Roster BJ, Kurz J, Schantz MM, and Zeisler R (1991) Preparation and analysis of a frozen mussel tissue reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents. Environ Sci Tech 25 1695-1704. 

The between-homogeneity was determined by analyzing the CBs 52, loi, 118, 153 and CB 180 in 15 lots of the candidate CRM. The within-homogeneity was determined by five analyses of the same CBs in one lot of mussels. In addition the Rsd values of a ten-fold analysis of a standard solution and of a five-fold analysis of a fat... 

Error 1 CRMs completely or partly not identical with the matrix to be analyzed Ber-mejo-Barrera et al. (1999) studied enzymatic hydrolysis procedures using pronase E as sample pretreatment for multi-element - Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn, Ag, As, Cd, and Pb -determination in biological materials, mussel samples and human hair. 

This method consists of suspending for a standard time 70 mussels (Mytilus edulis), each of a standard weight, in a plastic coated wire cage 2 m below the surface. Mercury in the mussels was determined by cold vapour atomic... 

In the Flix area, the determination of THg levels in muscle of red swamp crayfish individuals sampled has been reported [48]. Several specimens were collected in the same stations as zebra mussels. 

Unlike THg, a limited data set about the occurrence of organomercury compounds in biota of the Ebro River has been noticed. MeHg concentrations were only determined in zebra mussel specimens in the Flix hot spot [32] as well as some fish species living in Flix dam (Diez, unpublished results). 

Lobel, RB. 1986. Role of the kidney in determining the whole soft tissue zinc concentration of individual mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mar. Biol. 92 355-359. 

Wang, W.X., N.S. Fisher, and S.N. Luoma. 1996. Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 140 91-113. 

Wang, D., G. Alfthan, A. Aro, A. Makela, S. Knuuttila, and T. Fiammar. 1995. The impact of selenium supplemented fertilization on selenium in lake ecosystems in Finland. Agricul. Ecosys. Environ. 54 137-148. Wang, W.X., N.S. Fisher, and S.N. Luoma. 1996. Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 140 91-113. 

The AE methods have been used to determine the effects of different algae as food sources in the bioaccumulation of radiolabelled essential (Co, Se, Zn) and nonessential trace metals (Ag, Am, Cd, Cr) in the mussel Mytilus edulis [94]. Assimilation of essential metals was correlated with carbon assimilation, but not nonessential metals. The distribution of the metal in the alga and the gut passage time in the mussel was found to be important. 

Wahlberg et al. [20] determined NPEO in Blue mussels by GC-ECD after derivatisation of the phenols with PFBC1. To this end, samples were homogenised in acetone/hexane (5 2), followed by extraction with hexane/diethylether (9 1). Lipids were removed by L/L extraction with acetonitrile in 0.1 M NaOH followed by L/L extraction in TMP/sulphuric acid. Recoveries of 93, 34, 65 and 100% were reported for NP, NPEOi, NPEO2 and NPEO3, respectively. 

Marin et al. [33] determined the LAS concentration in the faeces of the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. The sample was pipetted, dried at 70°C and treated in the same way as sediment samples, referring to Matthijs and De Henau [34], and measured by HPLC with spectroscopic detection. 

In a Dutch survey, APEO and NP were determined in samples of blue mussel and flounder from the North Sea and adjacent coastal waters [14]. Levels were generally (in 85% of the 21 composite samples taken) below the limit of detection of 0.09 xg SAPEO g-1 (fresh weight), and maximum levels of 0.5 pg IAPEO g-1 and 0.12 xg NP g-1 in flounder were observed. 

Although the marine environment is the final compartment receiving surfactants, few reports have considered seawater species. To the best of our knowledge, surfactants bioconcentration has been determined in marine algae [8], shrimp [51], mussel [51,66,69] and the stickleback [51]. Although experiments are increasingly being focused on the marine and coastal environments, further work is necessary to measure bioconcentration in these ecosystems. 

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