Mushroom Amanita muscaria

Muscarine is a poisonous substance present in the mushroom Amanita muscaria. Its structure is represented by the constitution shown here. 

High levels of vanadium are found in the mushroom Amanita muscaria and in marine tuni-cates (sea squirts). In the former organism, a siderophore-like ligand that binds vanadium(IV)... 

The betalains are confined to ten families of the order Caryophyllales20 The only foods containing betalains are red beet (Beta vulgaris), chard (B. vulgaris), cactus fruit (Opuntia ficus-indica) and pokeberries (Phytolacca americana). They also occur in the poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria but this is not a normal food source. The importance of the betalains as colorants is confined to preparations from red beet. 

The muscarinic ACh receptors (of which there are at least five subtypes) are metabotropic. Their name is derived from the alkaloid muscarine, which is found in the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria), for example. Like ACh, muscarine is bound at the receptor, but in contrast to ACh (see C), it is not broken down and therefore causes permanent stimulation of muscle. 

Classical studies by Sir Henry Dale demonstrated that the receptors activated by muscarine, an alkaloid isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, are the same receptors activated by ACh released from parasympathetic nerve endings, from which the general notion that muscarinic agonists have parasympathomimetic properties was born. This conclusion is true but incomplete, and we now know that muscarinic receptors have a broader distribution and many functional roles. To understand the actions of cholinomimetic drugs it is essential to recognize that muscarinic receptors (1) mediate the activation of effectors by ACh released from parasympathetic nerve... 

Muscaflavin, a yellow pigment from the poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria has the unusual dihydroazepine-amino acid structure (288) (81LA2164). 

The Amanita muscaria mushroom from which muscarine is isolated is also psychoactive. It was believed at first that muscarine was the primary CNS agent. However, more detailed research indicated that muscarine only constituted 0.003% of the fungus. Other species of Inocybe and Clitocybe have more muscarine than muscaria. Other isoxazole components of the muscaria mushroom, such as ibotenic acid and its metabolites, are the main causes of amanita intoxication. This mushroom is believed to have been involved in ancient rituals of the Old World, especially in the Ayrian culture which lived in Siberia around 2000 B.C. This rite worshipped a god called Soma whose presence on earth occurred in the mushroom. Amanita muscaria. Rituals involved brewing a juice with the mushrooms which was consumed by priests. Their urine (isoxazole metabolites) was collected and drunk by others. This ceremony could involve many people and several metabolic rounds until everyone was intoxicated. 

Source mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) found in north temperate climates in wooded areas especially around birch trees... 

It may be there to poison predators.614 The vanadium-accumulating species also synthesize several complex, yellow catechol-type chelating agents (somewhat similar to enterobactin Fig. 16-1) which presumably complex V(V) and perhaps also reduce it to V(III).615 Vanadium is also accumulated by other marine organisms and by the mushroom Amanita muscaria. 

L(+)-Muscarine, a cholinergic agonist from the mushroom Amanita muscaria... 

The Fly Agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was the earliest fungi species recognized as having psychoactive potential. It was used by shamans in Siberia and in an area along the eastern part of the U.S.-Canadian border and may have inspired the world s earliest religious text, the Rig-Veda. Panther Caps (Amanita pantherina) contain psychoactive principles similar to those in Fly Agarics, which are drawn here about half natural size. 

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide (C12H22O11) isolated from the poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria. Treatment with an a-glucosidase converts trehalose to two molecules of glucose, but no reaction occurs when trehalose is treated with a j3-glucosidase. When trehalose is methylated by dimethyl sulfate in mild base and then hydrolyzed, the only product is 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methylglucose. Propose a complete structure and systematic name for trehalose. 

The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. 

Diluting single crystals of oxobis(2-methylquinolin-8-olato)vanadium(IV) complexes in the solid state to overcome the difficulties of neighboring paramagnetic centers has allowed the determination of the g tensor and an estimation of the hyperfine coupling constant.573 Four simple hydroxamates form six different types of complexes with Vlv in solution that were characterized by EPR spectroscopy.574 The 1 2 complexes were also investigated in the solid state (110)-(112) and serve as important model systems for the amavadine complex which has been isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria.574... 

The long-chain amino alcohol was found to be identical to that of the cerebrin base that Zellner123 had isolated after hydrolysis of a mixture obtained from the mushroom Amanita muscaria L. The structure of this compound has already been discussed (see Section III, p. 386). 

Quite a different chemical environment is found in the vanadium-containing material isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria. Bayer and Kneifel, who named and first described amavadine, " also suggested the structure shown in Figure. l Recently the preparation, proof of ligand structure, and (by implication) proof of the complex structure shown in Figure 1.7 have been established. Although the exact role of the vanadium complex in the mushroom... 

Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring (active ingredient of poisonous mushrooms. Amanita muscaria) cholinomimetic agent possessing both muscarinic and nicotinic properties (stimulates autonomic ganglia). 

Kuehnelt D, Goessler W and Irgolic KJ (1997b) Arsenic compounds in terrestrial organisms II Arsenocholine in the mushroom Amanita muscaria. Appl Organomet Chem 11 459-470. 

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