Amanita poisonous mushrooms

The betalains are confined to ten families of the order Caryophyllales20 The only foods containing betalains are red beet (Beta vulgaris), chard (B. vulgaris), cactus fruit (Opuntia ficus-indica) and pokeberries (Phytolacca americana). They also occur in the poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria but this is not a normal food source. The importance of the betalains as colorants is confined to preparations from red beet. 

Note that it shares some structural features with the acetylcholine molecule. Specifically, both molecules possess an oxygen atom separated by two methylene (-CH2-) groups from a positively charged nitrogen atom. Muscarine was isolated from Amanita muscaria, a poisonous mushroom, more than a century ago. Muscarine causes sweating and pupillary constriction. These are some of the same effects that are caused by acetylcholine itself, confirming that muscarine is an acetylcholine agonist. 

MMWR (1997) Amanita phalbides mushroom poisoning - Northern California, Vol 46(22), 489-491. Online. Available HTTP (accessed 5 July 2003). 

Muscaflavin, a yellow pigment from the poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria has the unusual dihydroazepine-amino acid structure (288) (81LA2164). 

The skin often appears flushed, hot, and dry in poisoning with atropine and other antimuscarinics. Excessive sweating occurs with organophosphates, nicotine, and sympathomimetic drugs. Cyanosis may be caused by hypoxemia or by methemoglobinemia. Icterus may suggest hepatic necrosis due to acetaminophen or Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning. 

Although milk thistle has not been confirmed as an antidote following acute exposure to liver toxins in humans, parenteral silybin is nevertheless marketed and used in Europe as an antidote in Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning. This use is based on favorable outcomes reported in case-control studies. 

Other species of amanita are among the deadliest fungi known. Polypeptide-like toxins in Amanita phalloides, or death cup, can prove fatal or at the very least can cause permanent liver and kidney damage. These mushrooms are common in the temperate climates of Europe and North America. They are responsible for the majority of what is called "slow" mushroom poisoning in the U.S. In fact, it was only a few years ago that the local newspaper reported a case of amanita poisoning within SLO county. Mushroom poisoning is known as mycetism. In addition the amanita also contain bufotenine which has CNS effects. See the ASIDE which discusses the peptide poisons. 

The most useful inhibitor of eukaryotic transcription has been a-amanitin, a major toxic substance in the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides. The toxin preferentially binds to and inhibits RNA polymerase II (see table 28.4). At high concentrations it also can inhibit RNA polymerase III but not RNA polymerase I or bacterial, mitochondrial, or chloroplast RNA polymerases. 

Mushrooms are spore-forming bodies of filamentous terrestrial fungi, some of which are considered to be food delicacies, whereas others, such as Amanita phalloides, Amanita virosa, and Gyromita esculenta, are very toxic, with reported worldwide deaths of the order of 100 per year.10 In extreme cases, one bite of one poisonous mushroom can be fatal. Accidental mushroom poisonings are often caused by the death s head mushroom, because it is easily mistaken for edible varieties. 

Amanita phalloides, an extremely poisonous mushroom, popularly known as "Death Cap. ... 

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide (C12H22O11) isolated from the poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria. Treatment with an a-glucosidase converts trehalose to two molecules of glucose, but no reaction occurs when trehalose is treated with a j3-glucosidase. When trehalose is methylated by dimethyl sulfate in mild base and then hydrolyzed, the only product is 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methylglucose. Propose a complete structure and systematic name for trehalose. 

Figure 28.16. RNA Polymerase Poison. Amanita phalloides, a poisonous mushroom that produces a-amanitin. [After G. Lincoff and D. H. Mitchel, Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisoning (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977), p. 30.]...

Plasma exchange is helpful in the removal of large molecular weight substances and highly protein-bound intoxicants. Toxic ingestions of poisonous mushrooms (e.g. amanita phaUoides [38, 39]) and snake-bite en-venomations [40] have been effectively treated with... 

Bartoloni ST, Omer FB, and Giannini A (1985) Amanita poisoning A clinical-histopathological study of 64 cases of intoxication. Hepato-gastroenterology 32 229-231. Hanrahan JP and Gordon MA (1984) Mushroom poisoning. Journal of the American Medical Association 251 1057-1061. 

Cytochalasins, drugs that inhibit cellular processes that require actin polymerization and depolymerization (e.g., phagocytosis, cytokinesis, clot retraction, etc.), also act by severing and capping actin filaments. Actin filaments can be stabilized by phalloidin, derived from the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides. Assembly of actin filaments into bundles (as in microvilli) and three-dimensional networks is accomplished by two groups of cross-linking proteins (Table 21-6). 

In 1968, Wieland and coworkers isolated antamanide from the poisonous mushroom, Amanita phalloides298( The substance was found to possess the unique property of... 

Muscimol is a psychotomimetic found in Amanita muscaria, which is a poison mushroom. Like THIP, it is a selective GABA agonist. Both compounds share the 3-isoxazolyl moiety, which may be viewed as a masked carboxyl function that is recognized by GABA receptors, but not other GABA-interacting sites. 

Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring (active ingredient of poisonous mushrooms. Amanita muscaria) cholinomimetic agent possessing both muscarinic and nicotinic properties (stimulates autonomic ganglia). 

Muscarine. Tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-N,N,N,5 tetra-methyl-2-furanmethanaminium. [CtHwNoj4 mol wt ] 74.26. Alkaloid from the red variety of Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers., Agaricaceae, the fly fungus, a poisonous mushroom. Also found in some other fungi fnocybe patouillardi ... 

THERAP cat Treatment of liver disease antidote to poisonous mushrooms (Amanita species). 

Pharmacology In vitro studies show that milk thistle reduces lipid peroxidation, scavenges free radicals, enhances superoxide dismutase, inhibits formation of leukotrienes, and increases hepatocyte RNA polymerase activity. In animal models, milk thistle protects against liver injury caused by alcohol, acetaminophen, and amanita mushrooms. The outcomes of clinical trials in patients with liver disease caused by alcohol have been mixed. In viral hepatitis and liver injury caused by amanita mushrooms, results of clinical trials have been mainly favorable. A commercial preparation of silybin (an isomer of silymarin) is available in some countries as an antidote to Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning. 

Acetylcholine is the endogenous neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nerve fibers are found in both the autonomic and central nervous systems. These fibers are classified into those that are stimulated by muscarine and those that are stimulated by nicotine. Nicotine, an alkaloid Uom Nicotiana tabacum, stimulates preganglionic fibers in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems as well as the somatic motor fibers of the skeletal system. Muscarine, an alkaloid from the poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria, stimulates postganglionic parasympathetic fibers with receptors found on autonomic effector... 

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