Nicotinic properties

Zhou FM, Wilson CJ, Dani JA. 2002. Cholinergic intemeuron characteristics and nicotinic properties in the striatum. J Neurobiol 53 590-605. 

FIGURE 78 Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring cholinomimetic agent possessing both muscarinic and nicotinic properties. It causes miosis, reduces intraocular pressure, and is used in the treatment of wide-angle glaucoma. In addition, it may be applied topically in the eye in the form of a dmg reservoir. 

The quaternary ammonium compound PAM has been shown to have nicotinic stimulant properties at autonomic ganglia in the anaesthetised dog [226] and in muscle preparations of the ascaris nematode [227]. PAM was thought to have a curare-like action at concentrations above 6 niM [228] which later was shown to be due to its reducing the presynaptic release of acetylcholine [229]. The non-quatemised oxime, MINA, also has been reported to have anti-nicotinic properties [230]. 

The methyl ester of j3-trimethylammoniopropionate (12.85) may be regarded as acetylcholine in which the order of the ethereal and carbonyl oxygen atoms has been reversed. It is a very poor substrate for acetylcholinesterase, and does not inhibit this enzyme. However, it has strong muscarinic and moderate nicotinic properties (Bass et al., 1950). 

Muscarone, obtained by oxidizing the secondary alcoholic-group in muscarine (12.72) to a carbonyl-group, not only has increased muscarinic properties, but considerable nicotinic properties also. It has both ethereal and carbonyl oxygen atoms, but more widely separated than in acetylcholine. 

Ethers, esters, amides and imidazolidines containing an epithio group are said to be effective in enhancing the antiwear and extreme pressure peiformance of lubricants. Other uses of thiiranes are as follows fuel gas odorant (2-methylthiirane), improvement of antistatic and wetting properties of fibers and films [poly(ethyleneglycol) ethers of 2-hydroxymethyl thiirane], inhibition of alkene metathesis (2-methylthiirane), stabilizers for poly(thiirane) (halogen adducts of thiiranes), enhancement of respiration of tobacco leaves (thiirane), tobacco additives to reduce nicotine and to reduce phenol levels in smoke [2-(methoxymethyl)thiirane], stabilizers for trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2-methylthiirane, 2-hydroxymethylthiirane) and stabilizers for organic compounds (0,0-dialkyldithiophosphate esters of 2-mercaptomethylthiirane). The product of the reaction of aniline with thiirane is reported to be useful in the flotation of zinc sulfide. 

The mechanical properties, especially the internal stresses set up by interaction of substrate and deposit, have a close bearing on the behavior of metallic interconnects (electrical conductors) in integrated circuits. Such interconnects suffer from more diseases than does a drink-sodden and tobacco-crazed invalid, and stress-states play roughly the role of nicotine poisoning. A very good review specifically of stresses in films is by Nix (1989). 

In addition to natural muscarine and the so-called choline-muscarine referred to above, two other products have been given names suggesting relationship to muscarine, viz. (1) isomuscarine, Me3N(OH). CHOH. CH2OH prepared by Bode and shown to be toxic, but distinct from muscarine in type of action, and (2) anhydromuscarine (betaine aldehyde) made first by Berlinerblau and later by Fischer and which, according to Voet possesses nicotine and curare-like properties. 

Conversion of the carboxylic acid to the diethyl amide interestingly leads to an agent that exhibits the properties of a respiratory stimulant. One synthesis of this agent starts with the preparation of the mixed anhydride of nicotinic and benzene-sulfonic acid (4). An exchange reaction between the anhydride and diethyl benzenesulfonamide affords nikethemide (5). ... 

Above the critical temperature and pressure, a substance is referred to as a supercritical fluid. Such fluids have unusual solvent properties that have led to many practical applications. Supercritical carbon dioxide is used most commonly because it is cheap, nontoxic, and relatively easy to liquefy (critical T = 31°C, P = 73 atm). It was first used more than 20 years ago to extract caffeine from coffee dichloromethane, CH2C12, long used for this purpose, is both a narcotic and a potential carcinogen. Today more than 10s metric tons of decaf coffee are made annually using supercritical C02. It is also used on a large scale to extract nicotine from tobacco and various objectionable impurities from the hops used to make beer. 

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) exerts its diverse pharmacological actions via binding to and subsequent activation of two general classes of cell surface receptors, the nicotinic and the mAChRs. These two classes of ACh receptors have distinct structural and functional properties. The nicotinic receptors,... 

Lobeline. The alkaloid lobehne, whose mechanism of action in unclear but that appears to have dopamine reuptake blockade and nicotinic receptor antagonist properties (Dwoskin and Crooks 2002), was evaluated in a double-bhnd, randomized, placebo-controUed, multicenter trial involving 180 ciga-... 

Anatoxin-a has already proven its usefulness as a research tool in our laboratories. It is facilitating the understanding of the biophysical properties of the AChR and of the localization of the AChR in the CNS. The toxin or derivatives of it could be useful therapeutically in diseases of nicotinic receptor pathology (myasthenia gravis or Alzheimer s disease), because as a secondary amine (+)-anatoxin-a can penetrate into the CNS. 

C17-0021. Identify the acid-base properties of nicotine and atropine, whose structures appear below ... 

Dai VD, K Decker, H Sund (1968) Purification and properties of L-6-hydroxy nicotine oxidase. Eur J Biochem 4 95-102. 

Dilworth GL (1982) Properties of the selenium-containing moiety of nicotinic acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri. Arch Biochem Biophys 219 30-38. 

Gauthier JJ, SC Rittenberg (1971) The metabolism of nicotinic acid. I. Purification and properties of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine oxygenase from Pseudomonas putida N-9. J Biol Chem 246 3737-3742. 

Hirschberg R, JC Ensign (1971b) Oxidation of nicotinic acid by a Bacillus species purification and properties of nicotinic acid and 6-hydroxynicotinic acid hydroxylases. J Bacterial 108 751-756. 

Kung H-F, TC Stadtman (1971) Nicotinic acid metabolism. VI. Purification and properties of a-methyleneglu-tarate mutase (Bjj-dependent) and methylitaconate isomerase. J Biol Chem 246 3378-3388. 

Schenk S, A Hoelz, B Krauss, K Decker (1998) Gene structures and properties of enzymes of the plasmid-encoded nicotine catabolism of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans. J Mol Biol 284 1323-1339. 

Robusta coffee has undesirable flavor agents that can be masked by the addition of L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninemethyl ester.218 The methylxanthine stimulant properties of coffee can be antagonized by spraying freshly roasted coffee beans with nicotinamide and nicotinic acid,219 quinolinic acid, or trigonelline.220... 

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