Museum history

Museum Museums are places where items and exhibits of knowledge are assembled, protected and studied. In big cities there are public museums of various kinds like art museums, history museums, science museums, and natural history museums etc. Here we are concerned with science and natural history museums. In our country there are not very many science and natural history museums. But if they are available in your cities, advantage should be taken from them. 

Modem synthetic polymers are the subject of increasing research by conservation scientists. Not only does their frequent use in conservation treatments require a better understanding of their long term stabiUty, but also many objects, including those in collections of contemporary art and in history and technology museums, are made out of these new materials. 

Professor of Physics Applied to Natural History was created for his father at the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Edmund had the dilemma of choosing to attend TEcole Normale, I Ecole Polytechnique, or become an assistant to his father for the course that went with the professorship. He chose to assist his fatlier, and their collaboration continued for decades. Thus, his title on the title page of the hook published in 1855-1856 with his father is given as Professeur all Cousei vatoire imperial des Ai ts et Metiers, Aide-naturaliste au Museum d Histoire Naturelle, etc. After a short period as assistant at la. Sorhonne, and then as Professor at the Institut Agronomique de Versailles, he became Professor at the Cousei vatoire des Ai ts et Metiers in 1852, where he worked for almost forty years. When his father died in 1878, Edmond succeeded him as director of the Museum in addition to his professorship. He received a degree as Doctor of Science from the University of Paris in 1840, and was elected a member of I Academie des Sciences in 1863. 

O Dea, W. T. (1958). A Short History of Lighting. London HMSO, Ministiy of Education, Science Museum. 

National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Electricity, Elistory of... 

Junger, A. and Johnson, D. L. 1980. Was there a Quaternary land bridge to the Northern Channel Islands Pages 33-39 in D. M. Power (ed.) The California Islands Proceedings of a multidisciplinary symposium. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California. 

Laboratory for Isotope Geology Swedish Museum of Natural History Box 50007... 

Savage R.J.G. and Long M.R. (1986). Mammal Evolution. British Museum (Natural History), London, p. 264. 

Josten, Conrad Hermann. Elias Ashmole F.R.S. (1617-1692). Notes Rees Royal Soc 15 (Jul 1960) 221-230, 1960 reprint, Oxford Museum of the History of Science, 1978. 

Martin, Sean. Alchemy alchemists. Revised updated edition ed. 2001 reprint, Harpenden Pocket Essentials, 2003. 96p. ISBN 1-603047-52-8 Introduction Basic ideas and themes A brief history of alchemy in the West A brief history of alchemy in the East Moden alchemy The Hermetic Museum (brief biographies of more than 100 alchemists) Suggestions for further reading. 

Ekiert, Leszek. Alchemical symbols at the Museum of Pharmacy of the Jagellonian University. Pharmacy in History 41, no. 3 (1999) 110-112. 

Taylor (1897-1956) was the founding editor of "Ambix". His papers have recently been deposited at the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford... 

Craddock, P. T. (1992), A short history of the patination of bronze, in Jones, M. (ed.), Why Fakes Matter - Essays on Problems of Authenticity, British Museum, London, pp. 63-70. 

Laufer, B. (1912), fade. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. 

Mie Jianjun (1995), The history, metallurgy and spread of paktong, Bull. Metals Museum 24, 43-55. 

Zhou, W. (1996), Chinese traditional zinc smelting technology and the history of zinc production in China, Bull. Metals Museum 25, 36-47. 

Smithsonian FAQ s Hope Diamond. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, http //www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmnh/hope.htm... 

The Nature of Diamonds. American Museum of Natural History, http //www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/... 

How Do Feathers Get Their Colors The Bird Site, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, http //www.lam.mus.ca.us/birds/guide/pg012.html... 

Figure 4.3.1 The Hope Diamond is the world s largest blue diamond and is on display in the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. Photo reprinted with permission. 

I also wish to thank the Bodleian Library at Oxford University for permission to do research in the Frederick Soddy Papers in their Modem Manuscripts collections, and the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford University, for permission to work with Soddy s lecture notes and papers in their archives. I thank University College London, Special Collections, for permission to do research in the Sir William Ramsay Papers. I also thank the special collections librarians at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, for access to H. G. Wells s papers, and the University of Texas at Austin Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center for access to Edith Sitwell s papers. Frances Soar of the Geographical Association, the administrators of the Frederick Soddy Tmst, and Maxwell Wright and Gwen Huntley of Bunkers Solicitors generously helped me in my efforts to track down an estate for Frederick Soddy s unpublished writings. And I wish to thank Mark Smithells and the Smithells family in New Zealand for permission to quote from Arthur Smithells s unpublished manuscript in the Frederick Soddy Papers. 

We are grateful to the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art for permission to sample specimens for compositional analysis. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. BNS76--3397. Aspects of the investigation were carried out under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy. 

Figure 1. An iron bloom in the collection of the Department of Naval History, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution (Cat. No. 49459). The bloom weighs approximately 17 lb, after sampling, and is approximately 18 cm in diameter on the base as shown. (Smithsonian Institution negative No.

Third, continued periodic monitoring of fishery and wildlife resources is important, especially in areas with potential for reservoir development, in light of the hypothesis that increased flooding increases the availability of mercury to biota. The use of museum collections for mercury analysis is strongly recommended for monitoring purposes. For example, the Environmental Specimen Bank at the Swedish Museum of Natural History constitutes a base for ecotoxicological research and for spatial and trend monitoring of mercury and other contaminants in Swedish fauna (Odsjo et al. 1997). 

Newhall, B., The History of Photography from 1839 to the Present Day, Museum of Modem Art, New York, 1964. 

Vemeuil A process for growing single crystals of refractory compounds. The powdered material is dropped through an oxy-hydrogen flame and the product, consisting of microscopic molten droplets, is collected on a seed crystal. As the liquid mass reaches a cooler zone it crystallizes in the form of a single crystal known as a boule. Invented by A. V. L. Vemeuil at the Museum of Natural History, Paris, who made synthetic rabies and sapphires in this way. 

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