Blue diamonds

Boron is electron deficient relative to carbon. Therefore, small amounts of boron, replacing carbon in a diamond lattice, causes electron holes. As electrons move to fill these lattice vacancies, infrared light is absorbed causing the blue color of the Hope diamond and other blue diamonds. 

Fig. 3.15 Model for allosteric inhibition of a protein-DNA complex by a polyamide-inter-calator conjugate. (Top) The GCN4 homodimer (yellow) is displaced by the intercalating moiety (green) of the polyamide conjugate. Blue and red spheres represent pyrrole and imidazole amino acids, respectively. The blue diamond represents / -alanine. (Bottom, left) Hydrogen-bonding model of an eight-ring hairpin polyamide-intercalator conjugate...

Throughout history civilization has treasured the rarity and beauty of fancy colored diamonds. The stunning diamond from India known as the Hope Diamond, once a part of many royal inventories, is now the premier attraction of the Smithsonian Institution (see color Fig. 4.3.1). While the size of the diamond at 45.52 carats has certainly contributed to the public s interest in the gem, the intense blue-violet color of the stone is generally considered to be its most captivating feature. First described in the mid 1600s by the French merchant traveller Jean Baptiste Tavernier as un beau violet (a beautiful violet), the gem also acquired the title Blue Diamond of the Crown or the Royal French Blue when in possession of King Louis XIV of France. The blue color is attributed to trace amounts of boron in the carbon matrix of the stone. Substitution of carbon atoms by nitrogen leads to yellow diamonds, such as the famous canary yellow 128.51-carat Tiffany diamond. 

Figure 4.3.1 The Hope Diamond is the world s largest blue diamond and is on display in the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. Photo reprinted with permission. 

Fig. 18. Comparison of the computed energy differences between cis and trans PtA2B2 species in the gas phase (pink square) or in solution (blue diamonds).

Fig. 5. Apparent pH calculated through distributions of Fe(OH)2+/ Fe3+ (blue diamonds) and Fe(0H) Fe(0H)3 (brown squares), versus the -log[H+] computed from the number of protons added to the solution on the acid side, or from the amount of added hydroxide, taking Kw=14, on the base side.

PROBLEM 1.17 Gemstones are weighed in carats, with 1 carat = 200 mg (exactly). What is the mass in grams of the Hope Diamond, the world s largest blue diamond at 44.4 carats What is this mass in ounces ... 

Nicole bought Blue Diamond stock at 15 per share. After 6 months, the stock is worth 20 per share. This represents a percent increase of... 

Figure 9 Measured correlations between (a) O3 and NOy, and (b) O3 and (NOy-NO ) (also known as NOJ, all in ppb. Measurements are shown from field campaigns in Nashville (pink dashes), Paris (blue diamonds), Los Angeles (Xs) and from four rural sites in the eastern US (green circles) (sources measurements reported by Sillman et al., 2002 (reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union from J. Geophys. Res. 2002, in press) Trainer et al, 1993 (reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union from 7. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98, 2917-2926)).

FIGURE 2 Plot of the number of publications on the field of metabolomics/metabonomics and the following analytical technologies (1) mass spectrometry (blue diamond), (2) chromatography (green triangle), and (3) NMR spectroscopy (red box). Based on search in Scopus. 

There is only one known acceptor in diamond, responsible for the p-type conductivity of the lib diamonds. For some time, it was assumed that this acceptor was aluminium [49], but it has been suggested [43] and finally shown conclusively [38] that boron was indeed responsible for the p-type conductivity and the spectroscopic properties of type lib blue diamonds. Natural lib diamonds had been identified ca. 1954 (see Sect. 2.11), and synthetic lib diamonds were obtained at the beginning of the 1960s [80]. Boron is commonly introduced as a dopant in synthetic diamonds and its ionization energy ) is 370 meV [177]. The discrete acceptor spectrum of B extends approximately 70 meV below ) and is superimposed on the two- and three-phonon spectra of Cdiam- Boron acceptor absorption lines are observed at 305, 347 and 363 meV ( 2780, 2800, and 2930 cm 1) at RT, giving phonon-assisted transitions near 464 and 504meV (see [140], and references therein). 

Blue diamonds contain boron as an impurity. Boron has one less valence electron than carbon. 

A necklace containing the Hope Diamond. The Hope diamond has been linked with ill fortune including the maiden voyage of the Titanic. The dark blue diamond was, however, already in America at the time of that voyage. It appeared mysteriously in London in the early nineteenth century and is believed to have been recut from a large diamond (13.8 g) stolen from a museum housing the French crown jewels in 1792. Its last owner, Henry Winston, donated it to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. with the wish that it formed part of a collection to rival that in the Tower of London. 

In 1926 a small red diamond was found in alluvial diggings near Kimberley and was expected to weigh 6 carats when cut and to be worth close upon 1000. A clear apple green stone of 41 carats is known as the Dresden Diamond, an Indian stone purchased in 1743 for the Crown of Saxony. Blue stones are almost as rare as the red, the most famous example being the Hope Diamond (p. 62) it is thought that the Brunswick Blue Diamond may have been cut from the same stone. Yellow is the most common colour, the most famous being the Austrian Yellow Diamond (p. 61), the... 

Figure 8 (a) Scientists extruding a sediment core taken through the subterranean estuary of Waquoit Bay, MA. Note the presence of iron oxides within the sediments at the bottom of the core (orange-stained sediments in foreground), (b) Changes in iron and phosphate concentration with depth in three sediment cores similar to the one shown in (a). The red circles indicate Fe concentration (ppm pg Fe/g dry sediment) while the blue diamonds represent P (ppm pg P/g dry sediment). Error bars indicate the standard deviation for triplicate leaches performed on a selected number of samples. The dashed lines represent the concentration of Fe and P in off-site quartz sand. Also shown is the approximate color stratigraphy for each core. The ff value for Fe vs. P in cores 2, 3, and 5 is 0.80, 0.91, and 0.16, respectively. 

Figure 2.6 At more than 45 carats, the Hope Diamond is the world s largest deep-blue diamond. Originally mined in India, the diamond s brilliant blue color is due to trace amounts of boron within the diamond. Diamonds are formed from a unique structure of carbon atoms, creating one of nature s hardest known substances. 

Those of us who have emerged from the dead of night can break the restrictions of this corrupt society. We can live outside it, and flourish. We can bum your Jovian Bank ration cards and liberate you from the restrictions others impose on you." Her smile tilted towards shy impishness. She held a hand out towards the sensor block, palm open. Her fingers closed into a fist, then parted again. A pile of ice-blue diamonds glittered in her palm, laced with slim platinum chains. 

Fig. 4.16 Favorable versus unfavorable plot for the eight-statement problem-solving section of the survey. Favorable score (%) is the percentage of statements where respondents answered as the survey creators would, and vice versa for unfavorable score (%). No score was assigned to neutral or blank responses, which is why the two scores do not sum to 100% and therefore fall below the diagonal boundary line. Scores are an average for each group surveyed professional engineers (blue diamond), students who have taken the freshman design course (red squares), and students who have not taken the course (green triangles)...

Blue. The common blue stones are sapphire, lapis, and irradiated topaz. Less common gemstones include blue diamond, although such stones could be common if irradiated more often. 

FIGURE 36.19 Two examples of blue diamonds both were cut from the same Culllnan rough diamond. 

The number in the blue diamond represents the health hazard of the material. 

Figure 6. CXD2 flux as a function of driving force for the TNO pilot experiments (blue diamonds) and TIPS-RAS lab scale paratus (red square [10]).

Figure 2. Coirqjarison CO2 capture efficiency for the model calculations (red squares) and experiments (blue diamonds). MDEA solid fill, activated MDEA no fill. Influence of the stripper pressure with a feed gas to the absorber containing 8.4 bar CO2 (top) and influence of the CO2 feed pressure at 2 bar stripper pressure (bottom). Earlier published in [1].

Fig. 5 Coupling constants J(P-P) versus the P-P distances for o-n pnicogen bonds in H2XP PCX conformations B red square) and C (green triangle) and H2C=(X)P PXH2 conformation C (blue diamond). The symbol circle includes all complexes for which the best-fit trendline is an exponential...

The yellow colour observed in some diamonds is believed to be associated with the existence of vacancies and the substitution of N atoms for C atoms in the covalent crystal lattice. Similarly, the colour of blue diamonds may be due to the substitution of a few B atoms ( 1 in 10 ). The effects on colour, of introducing a few P to replace C atoms in the diamond lattice, are not yet known. 

Gemstones are very valuable materials, especially rare colored gemstones of certain types, such as deep blue diamonds like the Hope Diamond. Artificial stones and treated, dyed, and coated... 

The most well-known hazard rating system is by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and is called the NFPA diamond. It is a multicolored diamond that covers three hazard classes as well as specidc other hazards, and is shown is Figure 3.1.2.3. This diamond is actually designed for dredghters and it represents the hazard under conditions of a fire—it is not specidcally designed for laboratory safety. (See Special Topic 3.1.2.2 How Is a Chemical Different in a Fire ) The diamond is subdivided into four smaller diamonds—each with its characteristic color. If each point of the large diamond is treated like a clock, you will And at 9 o clock a blue diamond for health hazards, at 12 o clock a red diamond for dammability, at 3 o clock a yellow diamond for instability, and at 6 o clock a... 

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