Muscle, biochemistry contraction

Disease States. Rickets is the most common disease associated with vitamin D deficiency. Many other disease states have been shown to be related to vitamin D. These can iavolve a lack of the vitamin, deficient synthesis of the metaboUtes from the vitamin, deficient control mechanisms, or defective organ receptors. The control of calcium and phosphoms is essential ia the maintenance of normal cellular biochemistry, eg, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and enzyme function. The vitamin D metaboUtes also have a function ia cell proliferation. They iateract with other factors and receptors to regulate gene transcription. 

Bulbring E, T omita T 1969 Effect of calcium, barium and manganese on the action of adrenaline in the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 172 121-136 Marchant JS, Taylor CW 1998 Rapid activation and partial inactivation of inositol trisphosphate receptors by inositol trisphosphate. Biochemistry 37 11524-11533 Somlyo AV, Horiuti K, Trentham DR, Kitazawa T, Somlyo AP 1992 Kinetics of Ca2+ release and contraction induced by photolysis of caged D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in smooth muscle the effects of heparin, procaine, and adenine nucleotides. J Biol Chem 267 22316-22322... 

Raeymaekers L, Wuytack F 1996 Calcium Pumps. In Barany M (ed) Biochemistry of smooth muscle contraction. Academic Press, New York, p 241-253 Shull GE 2000 Gene knockout studies of Ca2+-transporting ATPases. Eur J Biochem 267 5284-5290... 

Parturition is the process by which the mother expels the foetus from the uterus. The process involves a considerable amount of biochemistry. The maintenance of pregnancy requires many conditions, two of which are particularly relevant here (i) inactivity of the muscles of the uterus (myometrium), and (ii) closure of the cervix to provide physical support for the growing foetus. Consequently, prior to parturition there must be a restoration of physical activity of the myometrium, so that contractions can increase intrauterine pressure, which is essential for expulsion. Contractions must, however, be periodic, not continuous, so that blood supply to the foetus is not occluded. There must also be a relaxation of the cervix. 

The enzymatic catalysis of reactions is essential to living systems. Under biologically relevant conditions, uncatalyzed reactions tend to be slow—most biological molecules are quite stable in the neutral-pH, mild-temperature, aqueous environment inside cells. Furthermore, many common reactions in biochemistry entail chemical events that are unfavorable or unlikely in the cellular environment, such as the transient formation of unstable charged intermediates or the collision of two or more molecules in the precise orientation required for reaction. Reactions required to digest food, send nerve signals, or contract a muscle simply do not occur at a useful rate without catalysis. 

Figure 16.4 Schematic representation of the stages in muscle contraction. The box on the right indicates the species bound to the myosin at each stage of the cycle. From Biochemistry, 4th Edition, by Stryer, p. 399. 1995, 1988, 1981, and 1975 by Lubert Stryer. Used with permission by W. H. Freeman and Company.

Perry, S.V. (1997). Muscle contraction and relaxation. Foundations of Modem Biochemistry, Vol. 3, pp. 67-105. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. 

In summary, adrenergic receptors can be subclassified according to their location and affinity for specific pharmacologic agents. Table 18-2 summarizes the receptor subtypes that are located on the primary organs and tissues in the body, and the associated response when the receptor is stimulated. Exactly which receptor subtype is located on any given tissue depends on the tissue in question. Note that some tissues may have two or more different subtypes of adrenergic receptor (e.g., skeletal muscle arterioles appear to have alpha-1 and beta-2 receptors). Also, the response of a tissue when the receptor is stimulated is dependent on the specific receptor-cell interaction. Stimulation of the vascular alpha-1 receptor, for instance, results in smooth-muscle contraction and vasoconstriction, whereas stimulation of the intestinal alpha-1 receptor results in relaxation and decreased intestinal motility. This difference is caused by the way the receptor is coupled to the cell s internal biochemistry at each location. As discussed in Chapter 4, the surface receptor at one cell may be coupled to the... 

Reduced redox cofactors channel their electrons to 02 via the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The products of this very complex pathway are H20 and ATP. ATP is generated from ADP and P,. The nature of high-energy phosphate bonds was discussed in some detail in Chapter 2, where the role of ATP in human biochemistry was introduced. ATP and related triphosphonucleosides may be used to drive various processes, such as muscle contraction, maintenance of ion gradients across membranes, or biosynthesis of macromolecules. 

Problem 13.15 Alkyl esters of di- and triphosphoric acid are important in biochemistry because they are stable in the aqueous medium of living cells and are hydrolyzed by enzymes to supply the energy needed for muscle contraction and other processes, (a) Give structural formulas for these esters. (b) Write equations for the hydrolysis reactions that are energy-liberating. <... 

After retirement in 1963, she began writing her classic work, Machina Carnis The Biochemistry of Muscle Contraction in Its Historical Development,00 which was published in 1971. The book had a dedication page to F.G.H. mentor and friend. Then, for many years she assisted Mikulas Teich with A Documentary History of Biochemistry 1770-1940. Unfortunately, Moyle s health deteriorated, as her former student, Jennifer Williams, described ... 

Needham, D. (1971). Machina Carnis The Biochemistry of Muscle Contraction in Its Historical Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

At the time I was in graduate school, it was recognized that living cells capture energy from oxidation of foodstuffs by making adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. The ATP is then used in a myriad of functions — muscle contraction, nerve, brain, and kidney function, metabolic syntheses, and solute transport. How this oxidative phosphorylation occurrs remained for many years a major unsolved problem in biochemistry. 

A. Dupin A. and S. Svolinsky, Variation in carnosine level in muscles contracting under different stimulating regimes. Biochemistry Moscow, 51 (1986) 150-159. 

M. A. Geeves and K. C. Holmes Structural mechanism of muscle contraction. Annual Review of Biochemistry 68,687 (1999). 

The violent muscular activity has other side-effects which, if the victim survives the convulsions, can hinder recovery and cause serious long-term damage. These effects, which result both from the biochemistry underl)dng muscular contraction and the mechanical damage to which the straining muscles are subjected, include ... 

---