Gene knockout studies

Inhibition of cytokine activity in vivo by administration of monoclonal antibodies (and, more recently, by gene knockout studies) continues to elucidate the physiological and pathophysiological effect of various cytokines. 

Raeymaekers L, Wuytack F 1996 Calcium Pumps. In Barany M (ed) Biochemistry of smooth muscle contraction. Academic Press, New York, p 241-253 Shull GE 2000 Gene knockout studies of Ca2+-transporting ATPases. Eur J Biochem 267 5284-5290... 

Rutter AR, Fradley RL, Garrett EM, Chapman KL, Lawrence JM, et al. 2007. Evidence from gene knockout studies implicates ASC-1 as the primary transporter mediating D-serine reuptake in the mouse CNS. Eur J Neurosci 25 ... 

Some MAPKs have several isoforms that may have different functions. Gene knockout studies have suggested isoform-specific roles. Thus, the development of inhibitors with the ability to interfere with one or a few isoforms as well as those that inhibit all isoforms will be desirable to understand the biology of these enzymes. 

The first evidence that hinted at the link between chemokines and hematopoiesis was obtained from a gene knockout study where the gene for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also called PBSF-1/CXCL12) was deleted (Nagasawa et al., 1996 Ma et al., 1998 Zou et al., 1998). CXCL12... 

Dranoff G, MuUigan RC. Activities of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor revealed by gene transfer and gene knockout studies. Stem Cells 1994 12(suppl 1) 173-182 discussion 82-84. 

The formation of tubular myelin requires the presence of phosphatidylglycerol and both SP-A and SP-B (24,25). Gene knockout studies indicate that SP-B is essential for the functioning of normal surfactant (26,27). SP-A is essential... 

---