Multiple sclerosis, treatment

Rubio-Terres C Dominguez-Gil Hurle A (2005) [Cost-utility analysis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treatment with azathioprine or interferon beta in Spain.] Rev Neurol, 40 705-710 (in Spanish). 

Lower respiratory tract infections treatment of Macrolide antibiotics Manic symptoms drug-induced Migraine headaches treatment of Monoamine oxidase inhibitors contemporary treatment of depression Multiple sclerosis treatment of Myasthenia gravis treatment of Mycoses treatment of deep-seated organisms Myoclonus treatment of Narcolepsy treatment of Neurotransmitters and their receptor subtypes Newborns undeveloped pharmacokinetic profile Nitrate products... 

Interferon beta-la (AVONEX , Rebif ), interferon beta-lb (Betaferon ), and interferon beta (Fiblaferon ) are applied in multiple sclerosis to reduce both frequency and severity of disease incidents and for the treatment of severe viral infections. In multiple sclerosis, DFN- 3 proteins modulate the destruction of myelin in the cause of the autoimmune reaction. 

Currently, baclofen is the only clinically used GAB Ab receptor agonist. It is used as a muscle relaxant for treatment of spasticity in spinal injury and multiple sclerosis. The cloning of GABAb receptors has renewed the interest in the search for more selective diugs and novel therapeutic indications. 

This experimental drug is a derivative of myriocin. After phosphorylation FTY720 modulates chemotactic responses and lymphocyte trafficking, leading to reversible lymphocyte sequestration in secondary lymphoid tissues. It is in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. 

CCR5 expression likely plays a role in T-cell recruitment and may be involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. There is a negative association between the CCR5A32 mutation and rheumatoid arthritis (Prahalad 2006). Furthermore, additional studies reviewed elsewhere suggest the involvement of CCR5 in multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and transplant rejection (Ribeiro and Horuk 2005). As such, it is likely that CCR5 antagonists developed for the treatment of HIV-1 infection can also be used for other diseases. 

PRS-211,096 (8.8) is a CB2-selective agonist, thus avoiding the psychotropic side effects related to CBl. It is currently in clinical trial for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. 

Other therapeutic uses of cannabinoid agonists have been reported. The potential of cannabinoids as a treatment for asthma is supported experimentally. A CBi agonist, (i )-methanandamide (21), inhibited nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo [251]. The antipruritic effect of cannabinoids has been reported, the action being mediated by both CBi and CB2 pathways [252]. Treatment with cannabis extract improved urinary tract symptoms of multiple sclerosis patients significantly in an open-label pilot study [253]. 

Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are calcineurin inhibitors that are administered as part of immunosuppressive regimens in kidney, liver, heart, lung, and bone marrow transplant recipients. In addition, they are used in autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. The pathophysiologic mechanism for ARF is renal vascular vasoconstriction.41 It often occurs within the first 6 to 12 months of treatment, and can be reversible with dose reduction or drug discontinuation. Risk factors include high dose, elevated trough blood concentrations, increased age, and concomitant therapy with other nephrotoxic drugs.41 Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are extensively metabolized by... 

Compare and contrast multiple sclerosis disease-modifying treatment choices for a specific patient. 

Symptomatic treatment minimizes the impact of multiple sclerosis on quality of life. 

Cohen BA, Mikol DD. Mitroxantrone treatment of multiple sclerosis safety considerations. Neurology 2004 63 S28-S32. 

Hartung HP, Munschauer F, Schellekens H. Significance of neutralizing antibodies to interferon beta during treatment of multiple sclerosis expert opinions based on the Proceedings of an International Consensus Conference. Eur J Neurol 2005 12 588-601. 

---