Multiple levels of scale

INTERACTIONS AMONG CONIFER TERPENOIDS AND BARK BEETLES ACROSS MULTIPLE LEVELS OF SCALE AN ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND LINKS BETWEEN POPULATION PATTERNS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES... 

Our specific conclusions are 1) Individual compounds can affect interactions across multiple levels of scale, from molecular through landscape 2) At each level of scale, the same compounds can be sources of both positive and negative feedback. Their interactions across scales can be amplified or buffered, depending on these feedback processes 3) Host selection behavior can be an important link between physiological and population processes, particularly where responses to phytochemicals are plastic 4) Tritrophic interactions mediated by chemical cues can be either important or ineffective constraints on eruptive behavior, depending on how prey are spatially and temporally distributed, which in turn reflects their host... 

Biodiversity has become a word with a multiplicity of meanings that can be applied at many levels of scale from global to local. It is a term that can be adapted to describe the range of species in an ecosystem or to the levels of genetic diversity that are contained within a species. ... 

The multiple investigations of the May 8-9, 2000, Tooele chemical event probably prolonged operational shutdown unnecessarily. Arguably, multiple levels of review by independent agencies increase the ability to thoroughly characterize an incident. There is a point, however, where the scale tips and accuracy and completeness give way to redundancy and inefficiency with no added benefits. 

The proposed CG models can also be used for the study of systems more complicated than bulk polymer melts. Possible examples are the study of the diffusion of a penetrant in a polymer matrix, or of block copolymers, blends, etc. [121, 122]. In addition, the method can be directly incorporated into multiscale methodologies, which include multiple levels of simulation, and where both atomistic and mesoscopic descriptions are needed at the same time, but in different regions. An example is the study of the long time scale dynamics of polymers near solid attractive surfaces, where an atomistic description is needed very close to the surface but a mesoscopic description can be used for length scales far from the surface. 

Designing nodal stmctures is a highly visual process, and there is a need to comprehend and visualise the inherent complexity at multiple levels of detail or scale. The complexity of the manual nodal design and the need for visualisation capability... 

Scale matters. We have seen that scale may be used to facilitate reconstruction of structures with nano-components, but it has also shown that scale is important when simulation takes place. When calculated correctly, properly, or if you like, usefully, transport effective coefficients can be determined and even compared to experimental data. However, in some cases new approaches may need to be considered. Here, approaches like mesoscopic physics, or a model of multiple scattering with effective media approximation (EMA) for condensed matter, based on the approach of atomic cluster, may play important roles. Recently, a review (Debe, 2012) was discussed on the different approaches that scientists and fuel cell developers in general, are using in order to have better and cheaper catalysts. Many have made a great impact on CL structures. Some approaches included supporting material but others considered unsupported catalysts too. The aspect ratio of particles has been recognized as a relevant factor. Metallic membranes, meshes, and bulk materials have also been considered of which the structural features will impact on the final structure and functionality of fuel cell technology. Local structures and at different levels of scale are still subjects of interest in many scientific works (Soboleva et al, 2010). 

Gecko setae have a hierarchical organization, which enables adaptability and adhesion to rough surfaces of any kind. To mimic the multiple levels of compliance present in the gecko setae, structures ordered over multiple length scales have been proposed. 

The modeling and simulation of Cl and SoS is challenged by the key characteristics of these systems i) coexistence of multiple time scales, from infrastructure evolution to real-time contingencies it) multiple levels of interdependencies and lack of fixed boundaries, i.e. CIs are made of multiple layers (management, information control, energy, physical infrastructure) Hi) broad spectrum of hazards and threats iv) different types of physical flows, i.e. mass, information, power. 

Determination of fragility necessitates a wide-range assessment of stmctural response at multiple levels of intensity. There are several ways to organize the execution of nonlinear dynamic analyses, mainly differing in the manner of postprocessing and in how they can employ grotmd motion selection and scaling. The main candidates are three (Jalayer and Cornell 2009) cloud analysis, stripe analysis, and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). 

Figure 7a and b presents the pushover curves for both concentrated and distributed plasticity models and the corresponding incremental dynamic analyses (IDA), respectively. For the pushover analysis, the structure is pushed to a maximum 10 % roof drift. For the IDA case, the structural model is subjected to Canoga Park record from the 1994 Northridge earthquake scaled to multiple levels of intensity. The IDA curves of Fig. 7b plot an engineering demand parameter (EDP), in this case... 

For current consoHdation, the basic circuits, used at each of the multiple power take-off points, are stacked into a Christmas tree topology to form a single power take-off terminal pair. Scale-up of these devices to commercial sizes is not expected to be a problem, as standard electrical components are available for all sizes considered. A different type of consoHdation scheme developed (117), uses dc to ac converters to connect the individual electrodes to the consoHdation point. The current from each electrode can be individually controUed by the converter, which can either absorb energy from or deHver energy to the path between the electrode and the consoHdation point. This scheme offers the potential capabiHty of controlling the current level of each electrode pair. 

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