Northridge Earthquake

Chavez, C. W., Binder, B. (1996). A hospital as victim and responder The Sepulveda VA Medical Center and the Northridge earthquake. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 14, 445-454. 

Emerging Infectious Diseases Coccidioidomycosis Following the Northridge Earthquake, California, 1994... 

Source Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1994). Emerg ing infectious diseases Coccidioidomycosis following the Northridge earthquake—California, 1994. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 43(10), 194-195. 

Davis T. L. and Namson J. S. (1994) A balanced cross-section of the 1994 Northridge earthquake, southern California. Nature yn, 167-169. 

Lindell, M.K. Perry, R.W. Hazardous materials releases in the Northridge earthquake implications for seismic risk assessment. Risk Anal. 1997, 17, 147-156. 

Borcherdt, R. D. (1996), Preliminary amplification estimates inferred from strong ground motion recordings ofthe Northridge earthquake of January 17,1994. InProc.Int. Workshop on Site Response Subjected to Strong GroundMotion (Vol. 1), Port and Harbor Research Institute, Yokosuka, Japan. 

As regards the toughness of plastics, the catastrophic Northridge earthquake (6.7 on the Richter Scale) on January 17,1994 can be mentioned it was found that within the three pipe materials used (asbestos cement, PVC and steel), PVC outperformed the others. In 30 minutes, while hundreds of mains and service lines broke, none of the lines made of PVC, about half of the city s total system of approximately 430 km, failed. 

In addition, it is shown that, plastic pipes in the house and out (such as underground), all show good resiliency in the case of earthquakes that beats all other traditional materials available (Valencia Water Company, USA, the California private utility was able to compare the performance of three pipe materials - asbestos-cement, PVC and steel, during the catastrophic Northridge earthquake of January 1994, and found that PVC outperformed the others). Since the Kobe earthquake, which showed the structural weakness of traditional pipes, HDPE pipes are preferentially being used as gas pipes [2]. 

Acceleration Time Series - Input Motion (Northridge earthquake, 1994)... 

By considering the above values, equations of motion of the building are solved and the results are compared for both fixed base, and base isolated building supported on isolators with linear behavior in Tables 2 and 3, respectively (Pourzeynali Zarif, 2008). It should be mentioned that, for brevity, only the results of the four most important earthquakes (e. g., Kobe, El Centro, Loma Prieta, and Northridge Earthquakes), as well as the ensemble average values of the responses for 18 reference earthquakes are shown in the tables. 

In a study conducted by Halabian et al. (2010) for a soil-nailed wall example, the effects of three different base excitation records (El Centro, Kobe, and Northridge earthquakes) were examined. It is noteworthy that the ground motion with the frequency content close to the soil-nailed system and higher peak amplitude induced considerable lateral displacements along the wall facing compared to the other ground motions (Fig. 18a). 

Figures 2, 3,4, and 5 as weU as Tables 1 and 2 present the successful application of STFT-ICA in identification of the modal parameters of an experimental structure (Fig. 2) and a real-world structure subject to the Northridge Earthquake 1994 (Nagarajaiah and Dharap 2003 Nagarajaiah and Sun 2000, 2001), both of which are highly damped. The details are referred to Yang and Nagarajaiah (2013a).

Fig. 5 (a) System responses (during the Northridge Earthquake 1994) of the USC hospital building (b) the recovered modal responses by STFT-ICA... 

Fig. 9 (a) The measured system responses and (b) the modal responses recovered by CP of the use hospital building in the Northridge earthquake 1994... 

Nagarajaiah S, Sun X (2000) Response of base-isolated use hospital building in Northridge earthquake. J Stnict Eng ASCE 126(10) 1177-1186... 

Nagarajaiah S, Sun X (2001) Base-isolated FCC building impact response in Northridge earthquake. ASCE J Struct Eng 127 1063-1075... 

The lessons learned from past earthquakes also concern the readiness of lifeline companies and authorities to restore damages as well as to understand the interactions between different systems. In 1989 M ,6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake, the damages occurred in the water network greatly affected the firefighting capacity in the area of San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley. In 1994 M ,6.7 Northridge earthquake, all of the 1.5 million power customers and about 50,000 water customers lost service, many for a week or... 

These can be immediate or long-term consequences and most are entirely interlinked. For example, damage to a transportation system due to ground shaking in an earthquake can take years to repair and therefore contribute significantly to the business and economic losses in the area affected. In a study on transportation disruptions firom the Northridge earthquake in 1995, it was reported that 43 % of the businesses surveyed attributed their losses at least partially to... 

Miles S, Chang SE (2007) Simulation model of urban disaster recovery and resilience implementation for the 1994 Northridge earthquake MCEER-07-0014... 

Tierney KJ (1997) Business impacts of the Northridge earthquake. J Conting Crisis Manag 5 (2) 87-97... 

Tierney KJ (1997) Business impacts of the Northridge earthquake. J Crisis Conting Manag 5(2) 87-97 Venn D (2012) Flelping displaced workers back into jobs after a natural disaster recent experiences in OECD countries, OECD social, employment and migration working papers, vol 142 OECD Publishing, Paris... 

Example Performance of a LRB-lsolated Building During the 1994 Northridge Earthquake... 

This section contains a brief summary of example applications of lead-mbber bearings (a building application has been briefly described in section Example Performance of a LRB-Isolated Building during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake). It is noted that each example herein is merely a high-level summary of an application. For further details, the reader is referred to the respective sources provided for each example. 

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