Multicellular

Cell culture The in vitro growth of cells isolated from multicellular organisms. These cells are usually of one type. 

The abundance of many protein kinases in cells is an indication of the great importance of protein phosphorylation in cellular regulation. Exactly 113 protein kinase genes have been recognized in yeast, and it is estimated that the human genome encodes more than 1000 different protein kinases. Tyrosine kinases (protein kinases that phosphorylate Tyr residues) occur only in multicellular organisms (yeast has no tyrosine kinases). Tyrosine kinases are components of signaling pathways involved in cell-cell communication (see Chapter 34). 

Mehrwert, m. surplus value, mehrwertig, a. multivalent, polyvalent. Mehrzahl,/. majority plurality plural, mehrzellig, a. multicellular. 

Most air mass thunderstorms form in groups, facilitating growth by the reduction of cnviroimicntal mixing. These multicellular storms may occur as compact clusters of cells or, if there is some external organization, laterally aligned in squall lines. 

Iinde75] Lindemayer, A., Developmental algorithms for multicellular organisms a survey of L-systems, Jour. ofTheo. Bio. 54 (1975) 3-22. 

Iinde89] Lindemayer, A. and P. Prusinkiewicz, Developmental models of multicellular organisms a computer grahics perspective, pp. 221-249 in [lang89]. 

The term SCP is not exactly appropriate, as some filamentous organisms are used as SCP and these organisms are multicellular not unicellular. 

These coatings bubble and foam to form a thermal insulation when subjected to a fire. They have been used for many decades. Such coatings cannot be differentiated from conventional coatings prior to the occurrence of a fire situation. Thereupon, however, they decompose to form a thick, nonflammable, multicellular, insulative barrier over the surface on which they are applied. This insulative foam is a very effective insulation that maintains the temperature of a flammable or heat distortable substrate below its ignition or distortion point. It also restricts the flow of air (oxygen) to fuel the substrate. 

The supply of oxygen and nutrients is a critical determinant for mammalian cell survival. Therefore, cells are located within a distance of 100 pm to maximally 150 pm of blood vessels. Multicellular... 

Bone remodelling, which continues throughout adult life, is necessary for the maintenance of normal bone structure and requires that bone formation and resorption should be balanced. Bone remodelling occurs in focal or discrete packets know as bone multicellular unit (BMU). In this process, both bone formation and resorption occur at the same place so that there is no change in the shape of the bone. After a certain amount of bone is removed as a result of osteoclastic resorption and the osteoclasts have moved away from the site, a reversal phase takes place in which a cement line is laid down. Osteoblasts then synthesize matrix, which becomes mineralised. The BMU remodeling sequence normally takes about 3 months to produce a bone structure unit (Fig. 2). 

The Ca2+-binding subunit TN-C is homologous to calmodulin with four EF-hands. In contrast to calmodulin, which is ubiquitously expressed in multicellular eukaryotic organisms and interacts with many targets, troponin specifically regulates muscle contraction. There are some structural differences between Troponin C in skeletal and cardiac muscles reflecting their physiological differences. 

Although many prokaryotic organisms are single-celled (unicellular), some exist as multicellular filaments or collections of cells. Eukaryotic organisms may be unicellular or multicellular. Most eukaryotic cells are at least 5 pm in diameter, but many are much larger. The cells of most prokaryotes are small, ranging from 0.2 to 1 / m in diameter, but a few are much larger. 

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