Mucoadhesives chitosan

Takeuchi, H., Yamamoto, H., Niwa, T., Hino, T., and Kawashima, Y., Enteral absorption of insulin in rats from mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes, Pharm. Res., 13 896-901 (1996). 

Filipovic-Grcic, J., Skalko-Basnet, N., and Jalsenjak, I. (2001). Mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes Characteristics and stability. ]. Microencapsul. 18, 3-12. 

Sriamornsak P, Thirawong N, Nunthanid J, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Thongborisute J, Takeu-chi H (2008) Atomic force microscopy imaging of novel self-assembling pectin-liposome nanocomplexes. Carbohydr Polym 71 (2) 324—329 Takeuchi H, Yamamoto H, Niwa T, Hino T, Kawashima Y (1994) Mucoadhesion of polymer-coated liposomes to rat intestine in vitro. Chem Pharm Bull 42(9) 1954-1956 Takeuchi H, Yamamoto H, Niwa K, Hino T, Kawashima Y (1996) Enteral absorption of insulin in rats from mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes. Pharm Res 13 896-901 Takeuchi H, Kojima H, Yamamoto H, Kawashima Y (2000) Polymer coating of liposomes with a modified polyvinyl alcohol and their systemic circulation and RES uptake in rats. J Control Rel 68(2) 195-205... 

Kesavan K, et al. Mucoadhesive chitosan-coated cationic microemulsion of dexameth-asone for ocular dehvery in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Curr Eye Res 2013 38(3) 342-52. 

Ahdelhary G. Ocular dprofloxacin hydrochloride mucoadhesive chitosan-coated liposomes. Pharm Dev Technol 2011 16(1) 44—56. 

S. Patil, and R. Murthy, Preparation and in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres of amlodipine besylate for nasal administration, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 68 (1), 64, 2006. 

A number of articles considered the association of chitosan with polylactic acid or similar compounds [47-49] another group of articles presented new data on highly cationic chitosans [ 50 - 55]. More data have also been made available on the delivery of growth factors [56] and ophthalmic drugs [57,58], on the activation of the complement, macrophages [59-61] and fibroblasts [62], on mucoadhesion [63] and functionalization of chitin [64]. The development of new carriers for the delivery of drugs, and the interactions of chitosans with living tissues seem therefore to be major topics in the current research on chitosan. Therefore, this chapter will place emphasis on these aspects. 

Fig. 10 Sedimentation analysis of the comparative mucoadhesiveness of a chitosan (sea cure 210+, Fa 0.11) to mucins from different parts of the stomach a Mucin source b Histogram. Adapted from [151]...

Borchard, G. LueBen, H.L. deBoer, A. G. Verhoef, J. C. Lehr, C.-M. Junginger, H.E., The potential of mucoadhesive polymers in enhancing intestinal peptide drug absorption. Ill Effects of chitosan-glutamate and carbomer on epithelial tight junctions in vitro, j. Control. Rel. 39, 131-138 (1996). 

The mucoadhesive properties of several classes of hydrogels have been identified, and two types of polymers have attracted special attention. Polyacrylates and their cross-linked modifications represent the anionic type, chitosan and its derivatives the cationic group. In addition, both types of polymers show a number of interesting characteristics beneficial for the administration of a wide range of therapeutics. 

The periodontal pocket is another site for drug delivery in the oral cavity. Needleman et al. [46] investigated three mucoadhesive polymers (cationic chitosan, anionic xanthan gum, neutral polyethylene oxide) in vitro, using organ cultures, and in vivo in patients on their periodontal and oral mucosa. Of the polymers studied, chitosan displayed the longest adhesion in vitro and on the periodontal pockets, and the shortest adhesion on oral mucosa. 

Another trend observed during the past decade was the coating of liposomes with mucoadhesive polymers. Liposomes are coated with chitosan, long-ehain polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylates bearing a cholesteryl group [90]. Chitosan-eoated liposomes showed superior adhesion properties to rat intestine in vitro than the other polymer-eoated liposomes. In vivo, chitosan-coated liposomes containing insulin substantially reduced blood glueose levels after oral administration in rats, whieh were sustained up to 12 hr after administration [90]. 

Remunan-Lopez, C., Portero, A., VilaJato, J.L., and Alonso, M.J., Design and evaluation of chitosan/ethylcellulose mucoadhesive bilayered devices for buccal drug delivery, J. Control. Rel., 55 143-152 (1998). 

LueBen, H.L., Rentel, C.O., Kotze, A.F., Lehr, C.-M., De Boer, A.G., Verhoef, J.C., and Junginger, HE., Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery. 4. Polycarbophil and chitosan are potent enhancers of peptide transport across intestinal mucosae in vitro, J. Control Rel, 45 15-23 (1997). 

Bernkop-Schnurch A., and Krajicek, M.E., Mucoadhesive polymers as platforms for peroral peptide delivery and absorption synthesis and evaluation of different chitosan-EDTA conjugates, J. Control. Rel., 50 215-223 (1998). 

In vitro and ex vivo intestinal tissue models to measure mucoadhesion of poly (methacrylate) and N-trimethylated chitosan polymers. Pharmaceutical Research, 22, 38-49. 

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