Mineral enrichment

The rate of dissolution is limited by oxygen availabiUty rather than by cyanide concentration. When oxygen solubiUty is reduced by water salinity or by consumption by ore constituents such as sulfide minerals, enrichment of the air with oxygen or addition of hydrogen or calcium peroxide improves leaching kinetics and decreases cyanide consumption (10). 

Whereas certain rocks of igneous origin formed by melting and recrystallization can include minerals enriched in the lanthanides (4), cerium is usually present as a trace element rather than as an essential component. Only a few minerals in which cerium is an essential stmcture-defining component occur in economically significant deposits. Two minerals supply the world s cerium, bastnasite [68909-13-7] LnFCO., and monazite [1306-41 -8] (Ln,Th)PO. ... 

The isotopic composition of Li in fluids that leave a subducting slab are constrained to some extent by the current data base. As discussed below, low temperature sea floor alteration tends to generate minerals enriched in heavy Li relative to those present in pristine MORE. 

Use of propionates in breads can extend mold-free life by 8 days or more. Propionates are favored by bakers because of their effectiveness against ropy mold m breads up to pH levels of 6. For cakes and unleavened bakery goods, the sodium salt is usually preferred for bread, the calcium salt is favored. This additive also contributes to the mineral enrichment of the product... 

Shen W. and Zhao P. (2001) Dynamic model of mineralization enrichment with application in mineral resource prediction. Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology. 

Application of the CLPC method is effective at the detailed prospecting stage for checking geophysical and geochemical anomalies and for locating mineral-enriched zones. The accuracy of determination of mineral composition, concentration and reserves of ore bodies by means of the CLPC method is much lower than in the case of the CPC method. 

Variations on traditional ice cream can most often be classified as the subtraction of ingredients the consumers deems less desirable (such as fat or sugar) or the addition of ingredients the consumer deems as desirable (fibre, vitamin and mineral enrichment). This yields yet another consideration on behalf of the product developer in selecting an appropriate flavouring system as discussed later in this chapter [9],... 

Kato et al. [38] also demonstrated the ability of a precipitating mouth rinse to elevate F levels in plaque. They utilised a so-called mineral-enriching solution developed by Pearce and Nelson [39] that contained Ca, Pi and urea as well as F (in the form of NaMFP). By using an in situ plaque-sampling device [40], concentrations of F could be determined ex vivo at different plaque depths. Significant increases in F were observed in the outer and middle plaque layers following repeated daily use of the mouth rinse compared with values in plaque exposed to a control rinse. Qualitatively similar increases were found for plaque Ca and Pi. 

Earlier work of the same group suggested that F from aNaF rinse was able to penetrate to the inner plaque layer easily [41], Kato et al. [38] propose that the different F profile found after the mineral-enriching rinse may indicate that the F is associated with a CaPi-containing deposit. These authors were also able to show that plaque F correlated positively with salivary Ca [38], which (in the case of the control rinse or a rinse that contained free F ions) would be consistent with a mechanism of F binding to plaque bacterial cells via Ca2+ proposed by Rose et al. [30],... 

Kalo K, Nakagaki H, Arai K, Pearce EIF The influence of salivary variables on fluoride retention in dental plaque exposed to a mineral-enriching solution. Caries Res 2002 36 58-63. 

Pearce El, Nelson DG In vivo comparison of caries inhibition by a plaque mineral enriching mouthrinse and a fluoride dentifrice. Caries Res 1988 22 362-370. 

Monocalcium phosphate is used in at least of one formulation of self-raising flour, in mineral enrichment of foods, as a stabiliser for milk products and as a feedstuff additive. The produetion process, therefore, requires a particularly pure slaked lime (Table 31.2). 

The dihydrate is used as a component of toothpastes for its polishing properties and low abrasiveness. It is also used in the food industry for mineral enrichment and in pharmaceuticals as a pelletising aid and thickening agent. The anhydrous phosphate is produced in a similar way but precipitation is carried out at above 80 °C. It is used in the formulation of fertilisers for tropical soils, and in toothpaste formulations. 

Properties Wh. powd. pract. odorless sol. 1% in water m.w. 154.14 pH 5.5-7.5 Uses Dietary supplement for calcium fortification of foods pH control agent in foods calcium source in tablets for mineral enrichment... 

Phosphates are added to cereal products not only for mineral enrichment, but for pH control, dough conditioning and for leavening action (see below). 

Those solid particles, which are to be recovered and are naturally hydrophilic, are rendered hydro-phobic by the collector reagents. This allows the attachment of the particles to the rising air bubbles. The resultant mineral-enriched froth is then floated off and collected. 

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