Mottled teeth

Fluoride 4.0 4.0 Bone disease (pain and tenderness of the bones) Children may get mottled teeth. Water additive which promotes strong teeth erosion of natural deposits discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories... 

Excess exposure to fluoride results in stained or mottled teeth. This is common in areas where fluoride water levels are above 4 ppm. Chronic elevated fluoride exposure can also result in increased bone density. Fluoride has been used to treat decreased bone density. 

Fluorine Probably essential element used as CaFj by some mob hisks. Moderately toxic, msy cause mottled teeth. Pollution by fluoride present in superphosphate fertilizers. Ca. 1 ppm In water provides cariostatic action, beneficial in the treatment of Osteoporosis. 

Deficiency unknown excess can cause osteofluorosis and mottled teeth. 

Fluorine, like iodine, in minute amount is essential to the human body it enables the teeth to develop a hard enamel and resist decay. But this is a case in which it is easy to have too much of a good thing. In 1934 the children at Malden in Essex were found to be suffering from mottled teeth — a name that explains itself. This was traced to the presence of excess fluorine ions in the water to the extent of 4 5 to 5 ppm. Small quantities up to about 1 ppm appear to be beneficial. 

HEALTH SYMPTOMS inhalation (irritates skin, eyes, and mucous membranes) skin contact (highly caustic irritant to skin and tissues) ingestion (mottled teeth, osteosclerosis, and calcification of ligaments). 

Moderately toxic, may cause Pollution by fluoride present mottled teeth. in superphosphate fertil-... 

Primary deficiencies are often divided Into two groups The major deficiency diseases where there are severe Impairments of vital functions such as heart action, vision, energy metabolism, or tissue growth and the minor deficiency disorders which are characterized by Irritating and/or unsightly conditions such as skin lesions, loss of ankle and knee reflexes, or mottled teeth. The features of each group of deficiencies are outlined In Tables D-1 and D-2. 

The presence of fluorine as a soluble fluoride in drinking water to the extent of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth, when used by children acquiring permanent teeth in smaller amounts, however, fluorides are added to water supplies to prevent dental cavities. 

Mottled appearance and altered form of teeth are produced only when excessive amounts of fluoride are ingested during the period of formation and calcification of teeth, which occurs during the first 8 years of life in humans after calcification has been completed, fluoride does not have an adverse effect on the teeth. ... 

Acute exposure of rats to high concentrations (up to 40,000 ppm) has resulted in convulsions, pulmonary edema, respiratory arrest, and death. In rats repeatedly exposed at 600 ppm, death was attributed to renal papillary necrosis renal toxicity was not present in rabbits similarly exposed. Exposure of rabbits to 300 or 600 ppm resulted in convulsions and hyperactivity, moderate inflammation of nasal tissues, and some inflammation of the trachea or bronchi. Subchronic studies found that rats exposed at 3 00 ppm had mottled incisor teeth, minimal renal effects, pulmonary histiocytosis, inflammation of nasal tissues, and cerebral vacuolation. 

Fluorine gas is a severe irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Acute exposure can cause respiratory tract irritation and pulmonary edema. Chronic exposure can cause mottling of teeth and injury to lungs, liver and kidney. 

Nitrogen trifluoride is mildly toxic. Prolonged exposure can cause mottling of teeth and skeletal changes. LC50 inhalation (mouse) 2,000 ppm/4hr. 

Sodium fluoride is an acute toxicant. Ingestion of large quantites (5 to lOg) can cause death in humans. Smaller quantities can produce nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stupor, and weakness. Other symptoms are tremor, muscular weakness, and dyspnea. Mottling of teeth can occur from chronic exposure. 

Fig. 2. Teeth demonstrating fluorosis. A high level of dietary fluoride has resulted in much of the enamel becoming opaque in patches, giving a mottled appearance. (Reprinted with permission from [48]. Copyright 2002 Mosby International Limited.) (See Colour Plate Section at the end of this book.)...

Fluorine in Plants and Animals, In 1802 Domenico Pini Morichini discovered the presence of fluorine in fossil ivory (157). He later detected it in the enamel of the teeth, and Berzelius soon confirmed the discovery and showed that fluorine is also a normal constituent of bone (158,159, 165). The presence of excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water causes the well-known mottling of the enamel of children s teeth (160), but small amounts of fluoride protect the teeth from dental caries (161). 

Fluoride in drinking water appears to be most effective in preventing dental caries if consumed before the eruption of the permanent teeth. The optimum concentration in drinking water supplies is 0.5-1 ppm. Topical application is most effective if done just as the teeth erupt. There is little further benefit to giving fluoride after the permanent teeth are fully formed. Excess fluoride in drinking water leads to mottling of the enamel proportionate to the concentration above 1 ppm. 

Fluoride ion tends to replace the isoelectronic ion OH- in solids. In particular, hydroxyapatite, Cas O OH, the chief constituent of tooth enamel, reacts slowly with aqueous fluoride to form fluoroapatite, which is harder and more resistant to tooth decay. The dental profession therefore advocates fluoride treatments at the time of regular dental checkups, and also (primarily to provide for the dental health of children) the presence of 0.7-1.0 ppm natural or added F in drinking water. Too much (>4 ppm) F in water, however, is acknowledged to cause mottling of teeth and bone sclerosis. Thus, the range of concentrations over which fluoride in public drinking water is considered to be beneficial is rather narrow. 

Fluoride ion, F", replaces hydroxide in the normal hydroxyapatite deposits in bone. This replacement causes a hardening of the teeth and protects them from decay. Too much fluoride will cause mottling (discoloration). Fluoride is toxic but is tied up preferentially in bone and once released has such a low solubility in water that it is not believed to reach toxic levels. 

The toxic nature of fluoride ion, F, is not confined to its presence in HF. It is toxic in soluble fluoride salts, such as NaF. At relatively low levels, such as about 1 ppm, used in some drinking water supplies, fluoride prevents tooth decay. At excessive levels, fluoride causes fluorosis, a condition characterized by bone abnormalities and mottled, soft teeth. Livestock are especially susceptible to poisoning from fluoride fallout on grazing land as a result of industrial pollution. In severe cases, the animals become lame and even die. 

The relationship between fluoride and dental caries was first noted in the early part of the 20th century when it was observed that residents of certain areas of USA developed brown stains on their teeth. In the 1930s, it was observed that the prevalence and severity of this type of mottled enamel was directly related to high amounts of ingested fluoride [34],... 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 2.2 Label Nonflammable Gas, Oxidizer SAFETY PROFILE A poison. Mildly toxic by inhalation. Prolonged absorption may cause mottling of teeth, skeletal changes. Severe explosion hazard by chemical reaction with reducing agents, particularly when under pressure. A ver dangerous fire hazard a very powerful oxidizer otherwise inert at normal temperamres and pressures. 

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