Motor vehicle use

One of the most significant Indices of air pollution potential Is provided by statistics on motor vehicle use. On a global scale the number of vehicles continues to rise although the rate of growth has slowed In North America and Europe as a whole, where vehicle densities are the highest In the world. Since 1979, the most rapid growth has occurred In Asia and South America where vehicle ownership has more than doubled (11). In the developing countries, as well as many others, these vehicles are not equipped with emission control devices. 

D. BACTERIAL AND HUMAN CELL MUTAGENICITIES OF POLLUTED AMBIENT AIR TABLE 10.27 Motor Vehicle Use and Emissions Inventory for California s South Coast Air Basinb the Years 1982 and 1993 f 501 for... 

Because nonattainment areas still exist, especially in urban areas, the 1990 CAAA contain new and more stringent requirements for such areas. The ambient air quality standards for ozone are of particular concern. Controls include tighter standards on emissions from motor vehicles, use of cleaner fuels, and additional controls on industrial facilities. One of the biggest impacts on the chemical industry is more stringent requirements for minimizing the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This can include process emissions as well as emissions from storage tanks. 

Another new application of the mastic is on the underside of motor vehicles used for transportation of explosives and other dangerous flammables. Experiences of the past few years indicate that motor vehicles equipped with dual tires are likely to be involved in serious fire should one of the dual tires become deflated. In this case, the mastic must not only exhibit fire-resistance and low thermal conductivity, but must have good impact and good abrasion resistance as well as weatherability. 

Delucchi, M. A. 1997. The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the United States, 1990-1991 Summary of Theory, Data, Methods, and Results. Davis, CA University of California, Institute of Transportation Studies, June. 

D. Paid, and Research Triangle Park, NC formaldehyde, from motor vehicles using both ... 

Some companies offer their employees compressed working weeks. In a span of 2 weeks amounting to 80 hours but only 9 days, an employee works eight 9-hour days and one 8-hour day. He then has Friday off and makes 18 trips instead of 20. This schedule saves two trips or 10%. It reduces motor vehicle use and abates air pollution. 

Exposure to airborne lead from motor vehicles using leaded petrol has been the subject of a great deal of scientific debate. Old vehicles with poor emission control are allowed to travel freely on the Indian roads. Currently, there is no effort towards providing lead-free petrol in India, whereas in all major cities of the industrialized nations strict emission controls are enforced. The use of cleaner fuels [10] has led to declining emissions in recent years. In India, the lead content in petrol has increased with a rise in the octane number from 83 to 87 since 1983. 

Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) — A motor vehicle or combination of motor vehicles used in commerce to transport passengers or property if the motor vehicle ... 

Flame-producing devices are prohibited on vehicles carrying Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (explosives) hazardous materials any cargo tank motor vehicle used for the transportation of Division 2.1 (flammable gas) or Class 3 (flammable liquid) hazardous materials whether loaded or empty or on commercial motor vehicles using compressed gas as a motor fuel. 

Drivers of commercial motor vehicles used primarily in the transportation of propane winter heating fuel or used to respond to a pipeline emergency, if such regulations... 

Commercial motor vehicle (see 390.5) is the general definition, and means any self-propelled or towed motor vehicle used on a highway in interstate commerce to transport passengers or property when the vehicle ... 

Oilfield operations For drivers of motor vehicles used exclusively in the transportation of oilfield supplies and equipment, including the stringing and picking up of pipe used in pipelines, and servicing of the field operations of the natural gas and oil industry, any period of 8 consecutive days may end with the beginning of any off-duty period of 24 or more successive hours, rather than 34. ( 395.1 (d)(1))... 

IFTA applies to qualified motor vehicles operating in more than one jurisdiction. A qualified motor vehicle is a motor vehicle used, designed, or maintained for transportation of persons or property, and that ... 

The licensee must show records to distinguish between qualified and non-qualified motor vehicles using the fuel. 

When motor vehicles used solely in intrastate operations are not included in the vehicle count under the UCR annual submission, the vehicles may be subject to an annual renewal with the state of operation. 

The operator of a motor vehicle used to transport a hazardous material listed in 385.403 must follow the com-mvmications plan reqmred in 385.407(b)(2) to make contact with the carrier at the beginning and end of each duty tour, and at the pickup and delivery of each permitted load. Contact may be by telephone, radio or via an electronic tracking or monitoring system. The motor carrier or driver must maintain a record of communications for 6 months after the initial acceptance of a shipment of hazardous material for which a safety permit is required. The record of communications must contain the name of the driver, identification of the vehicle, permitted material(s) being transported, and the date, location, and time of each contact required under this section. 

Inspection of vehicles. Government owned motor vehicles used for transportation of hazardous materials shall be inspected at frequent intervals by a competent person to see that mechanical condition and safety devices are in good working order and that oil and motor pans under engines are clean. Because of vehicle usage, this requirement is over and above the inspection requirements of TM 38-750. Daily inspection shall be made by operators to determine that (a) Fire extinguishers are serviceable. 

The presence of organic acids in the atmosphere can be attributed to two distinct mechanisms direct emission from anthropogenic and natural sources and in situ production via gas-phase or condensed-phase chemistry. Direct emissions result from biomass burning (e.g., Christian et al., 2007), from motor vehicle use (Kawamura et al., 2000) and other anthropogenic activities (see chapter I), and from biogenic sources (e.g., Seco et al., 2007). Production in the gas phase can occur via the reactions of acylperoxy radicals with HO2 ... 

Many toxic metals are spewed into the air during fossil fuel combustion. For example, mercury, cadmium, and other toxic metals are emitted during the burning of coal. Lead is emitted principally from motor vehicles using leaded gasoline. These pollutants are now accumulating in the environment. Analysis of sediment cores from the bottom of acidified lakes in the Adirondacks has shown that the level of trace metals (and other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which cause cancer) has increased three- to four-fold over the past thirty years, with lead showing the most pronounced increase. ... 

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