Motor activity temperature

To confirm their results and check for methodological problems, some studies have been carried out. As there was a probability that hypothermic conditions during temporary removal from dam may have affected the results, Pauluhn and Schmuck administered S-bioallethrin and deltamethrin to neonatal mice from postnatal day 10 to 16 under a hypo-, normo-, or hyperthermic environment, and measured the MAChR density at the age of 17 days [51]. Increase in MAChR in Cortex at PND 17 in animals treated with S-bioallethrin was observed. Meanwhile, no changes were observed in animals treated with deltamethrin. In addition, an enormous influence of environmental temperature on the density of MAChR receptors in the crude synaptosomal fraction of the cerebral cortex was ascertained. Tsuji et al. exposed mouse dams with their litters to D-allethrin by inhalation for 6 h from postnatal day 10 to 16. The inhalation administration method is the most relevant route of exposure for humans, including babies and infants, after indoor use of D-allethrin. The neonatal exposure to D-allethrin by inhalation did not induce effects either on the brain MAChR density or motor activity at 17 days and 4 months of age, or on performance in the leaming/memory test at 11 months of age [52]. Other unpublished studies with D-allethrin, S -bioallethrin, or deltamethrin were examined to confirm the results of Eriksson et al. and showed inconsistent results [53]. The reasons for discrepancy among these findings are unknown. 

The ICH guideline lists assessment of the effects of the test compound on motor activity, behavioural changes, co-ordination and sensory/motor reflex responses. A so-called functional observation battery or Irwin s battery will cover these parameters. Effects on body temperature should also be measured. 

Kapas L, Obal F, Jr., Alfoldi P, Rubicsek G, Penke B, Obal F. Effects of nocturnal intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin in rats simultaneous increase in sleep, increase in EEG slow-wave activity, reduction of motor activity, suppression of eating, and decrease in brain temperature. Brain Res 1988 438 155-164. 

The rate of consumption differs among species when their feeding rate reaches its maximum. Anchovy eat most (in summer), with horse-mackerel coming next. Third are sprats, which have a small body and develop high swimming activity to compensate for the low temperature of the water at the depth in which they live. Red mullet come fourth, and lastly come pickerel and whiting the latter two engage in very little motor activity and consume food poor in calories. The relative levels of food consumption between species may be different when expressed in different ways fresh matter, dry matter or calories. 

While most strains respond consistently to this paradigm due to its independence from motor activity, specific mouse strains (e.g., FVB/N) have considerably higher baseline body temperatures and should be avoided in this model (21). However, this procedure has been shown to effectively induce hyperthermia to varying degrees in all inbred and outbred strains tested (41) and is also an effective indicator of stress in genetically modified animals (34). 

Effects of the test substance on the central nervous system should be assessed appropriately. Motor activity, behavioral changes, coordination, sensory/ motor reflex responses, analgesia test (hot plate), proconvulsant activity, barbiturate-induced sleeping time, and body temperature should be evaluated. For example, a functional observation battery, modified Irwin s, or other appropriate tests can be used. 

Lipman, V. C., Shurrager, P. S., Abood, L. G. (1963). Effect of anticholinergic phychotomimetics on motor activity and body temperature. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 146,174-191. 

Fig. 8. Schematic of a molecular motor activated by intramolecular vibration energy relaxation of manifold A towards the rotor part of the motor. The rotor is positioned on an axis connected to reservoir 1 kept at a temperature T. Vibration manifold A is represented here by a simple molecular spring that can be excited by light or by the inelastic effect of a tunneling current passing through the molecular spring. Without such an excitation, manifold A is statistically populated by reservoir 1. A specific choice of a molecular structure equivalent to the spring may avoid its complete thermalization, for example by filtering the thermal noise giving rise to a unidirectional rotary motion...

Analgesic effects were observed with aqueous extracts of P. umbellatum and M. cecropiodes. Administered in rats (i.p.), P. umbellatum aqueous extract brought about an ataxia with a decrease in the animal s watchfulness, which lasts about 48 hours. A fall of rectal temperature and a decrease of spontaneous motor activity as well as an increase of analgesic activity were also observed [20], The aqueous extract of the leaves of M. cecropiodes did not affect ache-induced... 

PIG. 3. Recording of body temperature and motor activity from unrestrained and awake Long-Evans rat.s (males) before and after dosing with the com oil vehicle and two doses of the OP insecticide chlorpyrifos. Data from Gordon and Mack (2001). 

Gordon, C. J. (1993b). Acute and delayed effects of diisopropyl fluorophosphaie on body temperature, heart rate, and motor activity in the awake, unrestrained rat. J. Toxicol. Envirtm. Health 39, 247-260. 

Gordon, C. J., and Fogdson. L, (1993). Relationship between serum cholinesterase activity and the change in body temperature and motor activity in the rat A dose-response study of the diisopropyl fluorophosphaie. Neuroto.xicol. Teratol. 15, 21-2.5. 

Low to moderate toxicity adverse effects on lungs, peripheral nerve, skin, and hair oral and subcutaneous intake caused dyspnea, respiratory depression, change in motor activity, spastic paralysis, decrease in body temperature and loss of hair in test subjects LD50 oral (rats) 1500 mg/kg skin irritant... 

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